Irwin Shaws The Girls in Their Summer Dresses Essay

Irwin Shaws The Girls in Their Summer Dresses In Irwin Shaw?s ?The Girls in Their Summer Dresses,? Michael?s character may be questioned by the reader. He may seem to portray himself as an unfaithful husband who essentially gets caught in the act early on in the story. However, Michael had yet to do anything to physically betray his wife, and there is no proof that he would in the future. In society, many spouses or fiancà ©es have fantasized about having sexual relations with another man or woman. These people have probably questioned their faithfulness to their ?better half? if they have succumbed to such temptation. However, so long as these thoughts do not become actions, they can not be judged as morally wrong. As†¦show more content†¦Frances is visibly upset by Michael paying more attention to these women than to her, as most people would be, but before she can present her case, Michael proposes that they get a drink intending to evade the conversation completely. While walking Michael makes it very clear that he has ?not touched another woman? (p.1035). Michael states right away that he had not been unfaithful to Frances in their five years of marriage, but Frances is uneasy about this information. What hurts more during their conversations is that Michael is painfully honest. This offsets society?s argument that it would be much better to know if they had been cheated on than if someone did not and it continued anyway. Frances?s cries and argumentative points show that this is nowhere close to fact and that it seems to be much better for a couple if one lies about what he or she thinks or does behind his or her spouse?s back, as Frances portrays: ?Stop talking about how pretty this woman is or that one. Nice eyes, nice breasts, a pretty figure, good voice.? She mimicked his voice. ?Keep it to yourself. I?m not interested.? (p. 1038) Later in the story, Frances reveals her deepest fear that he is ?going to make a move? (Paragraph 75, p.1037). Frances asks a demanding question to Michael of whether or not he knows if he is going to follow through with his fantasies, and Michael answers shadily: ?You know (if you?re going to cheat),? Frances persisted. ?Don?t you knowShow MoreRelated Irwin Shaws The Girls in Their Summer Dresses Essay687 Words   |  3 PagesIrwin Shaws The Girls in Their Summer Dresses In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, it is necessary to explore the personal differences that cause problems in the relationship of the couple. The details of the story will lead to a conclusion that for Michael the relationship could just be a mere convenience or an affection solely generated by his physical wanting of Frances, so with the way she looks and appreciates the girls of New York. Frances calling the Stevensons shows her attitudeRead MoreWhat Is Love? Definition Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage and love, betrayal and devotion. For instance, let us compare the visions of marriage we observe in three short stories: Raymond Carvers What we talk about when we talk about love, Kate Chopins story The Storm and Irwin Shaws The Girls in their Summer Dresses. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"What we talk about when we talk about love is a story about two couples who gather on a pre-dinner drinking meeting and one of them-Mel, starts talking about love. He cannot admit that his wifes abusiveRead MoreRelationships in The Girls in Their Summer Dresses Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesHow would one feel if ones significant other was constantly disobeying the relationship? In Irwin Shaw’s â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses†, he shows how important having a trustworthy and honest relationship is. This short story highlights the flaws in romantic relationships by demonstrating how one needs some type of relationship in life, how fragile a relationship can be, and how many take loved ones for granted. Friendship, Role model, Boyfriend/Girlfriend- all these are examples of a relationshipRead MoreEssay about The Girls in Their Summer Dresses724 Words   |  3 PagesIrwin Shaws short story The Girls in Their Summer Dresses is about a couples marriage in danger. The man in the relationship, Michael, desires other women. His wife, Frances, knows this and is confused about her feelings in their committed relationship. Michael and Frances are jeopardizing their marriage. Both of them have different attitudes and expectations for a committed relationship therefore leading to a failing marriage. Michael desires other women regardless of the fact that he is

Manufacturing Engineering The Industrial Revolution

Manufacturing Engineering Matthew Cantrell Institution Course Date Abstract Manufacturing Engineering has been perceived as a separate engineering discipline in the present. Most of what manufacturing entails in the present stems from what was evident in the past. The industrial revolution is also responsible for fostering development of new engineering disciplines that are exclusively devoted to the engineering of manufacturing. The industrial rebellion realized the factory framework, steam engine invention, advanced metal cutting, and machine tools production. There are various recognized early pioneers of manufacturing engineering. Matthew Boulton, and James Watt are some of the engineers who assembled, and fabricated Watts Steam engine besides produced the engine commercially (walker Crowson, 2010). Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin that facilitated more production of cotton. In the 18th and 19th century, manufacturing engineering responsibilities and duties were controlled by the factory or shop supervisors. There was no particular specialist in pro duction control, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, and quality control. However, as the manufacturing company and factories got larger and more complex, the supervisors could not manage the process nor did they have sufficient knowledge to handle tooling, planning or material control. Consequently, there was an augmented effort for expertise in engineers, and technicalShow MoreRelatedMy Statement of Purpose: Transitioning from Production Engineering to Industrial Engineering827 Words   |  3 PagesTransitioning from Production Engineering to Industrial Engineering Introduction My greatest achievements, continual passion for learning, and drive to excel in educational pursuits are all predicated on a fascination with engineering. From a very young age, I have been fascinated with how devices work, and as I learned more about how engineering is a disruptive force in many industries, I knew this had to be my profession. My passionate pursuit of expertise in this field led me to pursueRead MoreThe Three Industrial Revolutions1740 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The term industrial revolution refers means the strong transformation of a society- economically, socially, culturally and geographically. The Industrial revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in manufacturing, agriculture, mining, transportation and technology had a profound effect on the social, cultural and economic conditions of the times. FIRST IR The main differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolution were the invisible handRead MoreThus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle900 Words   |  4 Pages Thus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle of 19 century turns into the most powerful power possessing the biggest colonial empire which allowed to provide own industry with necessary and cheapest raw materials, and also an extensive sales market of finished products.Orientation of the major branches of production, and in particular textile, on the colonial market will have an adverse effect subsequently on economic development of Great BritainRead MoreMechanical Engineering Essay Paper1487 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Career in mechanical engineering involves grappling with various aspects of the technical and practical work. The job of a mechanical engineer involves widespread handling of machines and components which have a direct relation with power by producing it, transmitting it or even making use of power. The major concern of mechanical engineers is bent towards ways and mechanisms through which natural energy sources are converted into uses of practical nature.   As part of their work, mechanicalRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. 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Despite its immense possibilities, 3D printing provedRead MoreEssay on Mechanical Engineering1124 Words   |  5 PagesMechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of engineering, physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.[1] It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines. The engineering field requires an understanding of core conceptsRead MoreMicro Manufacture Essay796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Convergence HTF: From Making to Micro-Manufacture: Reimagining Work Beyond Mass Production† with the objective of discussing the future of manufacturing work by convening a reimagination of the relationship of multiple fields of inquiry from Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Economics, the Social Sciences, Industrial Engineering and Education. A two-stage strategy is proposed to establish the agenda for the workshop. First participants will engage in an online

Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(53) " 134 indiscriminately selected patients \( 70 \[ 52\." Among patients showing to an exigency section ague hurting of the lower venters is a frequent clinical characteristic ; really frequently taking to the intuition of acute appendicitis.The determination to execute surgery is normally based merely on research lab trials and the clinical rating by the sawbones. In order to better the diagnostic truth in these patients ultrasound and computed imaging have been used as clinical AIDSs with decreased negative laparotomy rates as a consequence. We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1,2,5 Ultrasound in adept custodies can accomplish a high grade of truth 1, but the drawback of the technique is its perceiver dependence, with important differences in truth. Acute appendicitis ( AA ) is a common surgical status of the venters, the prompt diagnosing of which is rewarded by a pronounced lessening in morbidity and mortality 1. Although the determination to research a patient with suspected AA is based chiefly on disease history and physical findings, the clinical presentation is rarely typical. Therefore diagnostic mistakes are common, ensuing in a average incidence of perforation of 20 % and a negative laparotomy rate runing from 2 % to 30 % 1. During the past few old ages, there has been a turning tendency toward the usage of formal probabilistic logical thinking or quantitative informations as a usher to clinical determination devising. In this regard, several hiting systems, computer-based theoretical accounts, and algorithms 2-12 have been developed for back uping the diagnosing of AA on the footing of rating medical history, clinical symptoms and marks, and indexs of inflammatory response. Harmonizing to initial rating studies, these determination tools are cost-efficient and may supply considerable diagnostic AIDSs to doctors 13. However, the aforesaid theoretical accounts have non been routinely applied in general pattern because they have failed to accomplish equal truth in proof surveies 14-17. Roll uping grounds has suggested that US in experient custodies improves diagnostic truth in instances of suspected AA 18, 19. Therefore, sonographic imagination has been proposed as a diagnostic tool even in patients with a clinically high chance of AA, because it accurately depicts a high per centum of normal appendices and alternate diagnosings 20. However, these findings do non connote that sawboness may non use their clinical acumen to the direction of topics with suspected AA, inasmuch as series with false-negative sonographic rates of up to 24 % have been reported 21. Furthermore, merely light informations exist on the possible combination of US findings with clinical and laboratory variables as an incorporate determination tool 22. The purposes of the present survey were to develop a simple and dependable marking system that would integrate US appraisal and peculiar elements of clinical rating and research lab probe to supply high diagnostic truth in patients with suspected AA and to measure the public presentation of the derived categorization regulation as compared to that of antecedently proposed theoretical accounts in a independent database of topics with suspected AA. Patients AND METHODS The present probe included overall 134 topics with suspected AA who were studied over a span of 2 old ages ( conducted between January 2005 and December 2006.The survey was experimental and no intercession was done except for the add-on of formalized informations aggregation. Subsequently, the public presentation of the mark in the above database was compared to that of 11 antecedently proposed diagnostic tonss for AA, which were besides calculated by utilizing informations from the population of the survey. The choice standards sing the aforesaid diagnostic tonss for AA were ( 1 ) development of each mark from patients showing with acute abdominal hurting, ( 2 ) old proof in at least one prospective survey and ( 3 ) feasibleness of each mark computation ( viz. no losing variables ) on the footing of the informations prospectively collected in our survey by utilizing a structured signifier that included a standardised questionnaire. Four independent forecasters of the presence of AA were expressed as an integer-based marking system, which were assigned a weight ( point ) to each forecaster and summed the weights of the forecasters that were present for a topic: [ figure of points = 6 for US positive for AA + 4 for tenderness in right lower quadrant + 3 for recoil tenderness + 2 for leucocyte count A ; gt ; 12,000/?l ] identified in the analysis. Non-operated topics were assumed non to hold AA, because none of them developed appendicitis during followup of 3 hebdomads. Because the end of the present survey was to compare the new theoretical account with the legion old 1s, application of the new mark to the survey in order to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate was non possible without biasing the consequences. Hence, no score-based intercession took topographic point, and the determination to run or non was left to the judgement of the senior sawbones, who was non cognizant of the decision of each theoretical account for every person topic. All the ultrasound ( U/S ) scrutinies included in this survey were preformed by the senior graduate student occupant. In each patient the venters was ab initio examined at U/S by utilizing 2.5-5 MHz convex array transducer. This rating was supplemented with U/S appraisal of the appendix and the environing part by utilizing a 5 MHz additive array transducer and the ranked compaction technique Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences package ( SPSS Inc, release 11.0 ) . Acute appendicitis at operation was used as the terminal point in the survey. Univariate correlativities between the presence of the aforesaid terminal point and clinical or laboratory characteristics were evaluated with the chi-squared trial, as appropriate for categorical informations, and with Student ‘s t-test for uninterrupted variables. Ninety-five per centum assurance intervals ( 95 % CIs ) were calculated for each comparing. 2 Ten 2 tabular array was used to cipher the sensitiveness, specificity, negative prognostic value, positive prognostic value and truth. All trials of significance were two-tailed, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be important. Consequence The above diagnostic mark was calculated for 134 indiscriminately selected patients ( 70 [ 52. You read "Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"2 % ] males, average age 28.7  ± 11.9 old ages [ scope ; 15-79 old ages ] ) hospitalized for suspected AA. Among the above topics, 73 ( 54.0 % ) went on to surgery and 58 ( 43.3 % ) had AA at operation. The application of the new categorization tool to the patients showed 96.5 % of topics with 8-15 points to hold AA ( Table 1 ) . The proposed dignostic theoretical account yielded a mark of A ; lt ; 8 points for all 61 non-operated patients in the survey. The present theoretical account exceeded perceptibly the old 1s in diagnostic truth ( Figure 1 ) . The negative appendicectomy rate was 19.4 % ( 14 out of 72 operated patients ) . None of the 6 patients ( 4.5 % of entire ) who were in the subgroup with the lowest mark ( 0-4 points ) had AA, whereas in 56 ( 96.5 % ) of the patients with the highest mark ( 8-15 points ; n = 58 [ 41.8 % of entire ] ) , AA was the concluding diagnosing. Nevertheless, the proportion of topics with AA among patients with moderate tonss ( 5-7 points ; n = 70 [ 52.2 % of entire ] ) was really little ( 3 out of 70, 4.3 % ) . Therefore, utilizing the cut-off of ? 8 points for the diagnosing of AA in the survey, a really high chance of AA would hold been assigned to topics with 8-15 points ( 96.5 % , 56/58 ) as opposed to the really low chance for patients with 0-7 points ( 4.3 % , 3/70 ) . Discussion The theoretical account suggested in the present survey combines the diagnostic value of four variables: viz. two well-recognized clinical characteristics of AA ( tenderness in the right lower quarter-circle and bounce tenderness ) 1, US imagination, and leucocytosis, the latter reflecting the inflammatory response. The prominence of the aforesaid factors as independent correlatives of AA corroborates old studies, which have shown tonss non including the above clinical variables and leucocytosis to supply poorer favoritism 1, 15. With respect to the varied weighting of the four multivariate forecasters, a positive US happening surpassed any other factor by presenting an at least 5.5-fold addition to the chance of AA as suggested by 95 % CIs ( Table 3 ) . Harmonizing to the proposed threshold of ? 8 points, if the appendix is sonographically shown to be inflamed, the presence of at least one extra factor is required to set up AA, whereas in the absence of US showing AA, all three staying variables are necessary for the diagnosing. For illustration, the above theoretical account would propose the diagnosing of AA in a patient with leucocytosis and a positive US determination ( entire score 8 points ) , even if recoil or right lower quadrant tenderness were missing. The application of the new system to the external database yielded an impressive diagnostic truth of 96.5 % , which exceeded perceptibly the public presentation of old tonss. The high quality of the new mark could be attributed to the incorporation of an imaging mode in a formal determination tool for AA, which is the fresh diagnostic process introduced in the present survey. Although sonographic imagination of the venters has been established as a utile tool in diagnosing of AA being of peculiar value in patients with untypical presentation 23, its truth has been doubted in more recent big surveies and meta-analyses 18, 19, 21, 24-26. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that, when US is used as the finding factor for operative therapy, it can non be relied on to the exclusion of the sawbones ‘s careful and perennial rating 21. Furthermore, a prospective multicenter experimental test on 2280 patients with acute abdominal hurting reported no correlativity between the sonographic findings of the appendix and the diagnostic truth of the clinician, the rate of negative appendicectomy, and the perforation rates, therefore proposing no clear benefit of US scanning of the appendix in the everyday clinical puting 19. In add-on, echography failed to better the diagnostic truth or the negative appendicectomy rate and was even found to detain surgical aud ience and appendicectomy in a big survey that included 766 topics 24. However, it has been shown that US is unneeded when there is a high grade of clinical intuition as expressed by a positive Alvarado mark, whereas the extra information provided by US improves diagnostic truth in the instance of a negative or ambiguous Alvarado mark 25. Furthermore, a meta-analysis published in the in-between 1990s suggested that US is most helpful in patients with an undetermined chance of the disease after the initial rating and should non be used to except AA in topics with authoritative marks and symptoms because of the underlying comparatively high false-negative rate 18. Finally, a more recent meta-analysis on the value of US in the diagnosing of AA revealed dissatisfactory consequences in multi-center tests, proposing that the equal public presentation of echography in single-center surveies may non reflect surgical mundane life 26. Ultrasound is rapid, noninvasive, cheap, and requires no patient readying or contrast material disposal 23. Because it involves no ionizing radiation and excels in the word picture of acute gynaecological conditions, it is recommended as the initial imagination survey in kids 27 and in adult females 28, particularly during gestation 29. Yet, the restrictions of US include its decreased truth in corpulent or muscular topics, every bit good as in patients with pierced AA ( about 50 % ) compared to that observed in nonperforated AA ( 80 % ) 23. Furthermore, US is known to be extremely operator-dependent, the larning curve required to develop the technique for sonographically scanning the right lower quarter-circle is considerable, and there are many interpretative booby traps to be avoided 23. It has been shown, nevertheless, that even if radiology occupants or inexperient sawboness conduct the imagination, the truth of US is non lessened 30, 31. In any instance, although the standards for the US-based diagnosing of AA are well-established and dependable, the inexperient tester, working with hapless equipment and/or technique, will supply suboptimal consequences, and this possibility should be taken into history when integrating sonographic standards in the diagnostic form. The usage of US in the scene of suspected AA might be questioned in an epoch when appendiceal computed imaging ( CT ) has been demonstrated to supply an truth rate every bit high as 98 % in the diagnosing of AA, taking to improved patient attention and reduced usage of hospital resources 32. Furthermore, CT has repeatedly been shown to exhibit superior discriminatory capacity compared to US in both grownups and striplings with suspected AA 33-35, proposing that the proposed categorization system may non use to geographical countries where CT scanning is readily available on a 24-hour footing. In this survey, the inability to routinely execute CT scanning may account to a great extent for the comparatively high false positive rate of about 20 % . This figure of false positive diagnosings would be unacceptable in most Westernized states, where the appropriate CT use in community infirmaries has been shown to cut down the negative appendicectomy rate from 14 % -20 % to 2 % -7 % 36-38. H owever, because many parts of the universe wellness community may still non be able to afford CT scanning but can afford US equipment, the combined systematic execution of sonographic rating and clinical acumen could be valuable as suggested by the present survey. Because the coincident application of the preexisting theoretical accounts and the new mark to the same database has favored the latter, the several clinical deductions should be farther evaluated. A prospective interventional large-scale rating in different clinical environments, in an adequate controlled survey comparing a baseline stage without hiting to a subsequent stage with hiting would likely be the optimum attack 15, 16. To cut down prejudice with such a design, unvarying informations aggregation should be carried out harmonizing to changeless definitions, with standardised public presentation standards used to guarantee nonsubjective rating 16. Any diagnostic support for AA should be heartily welcomed if it has been proven to be clinically valuable, because intolerably high negative appendicectomy and perforation rates are still reported in many parts of the universe wellness community. However, apart from being familiar with elements non included in a quantitative theoretical account, doctors may be able to supply superior imputations of losing informations for an single patient and to incorporate the diagnostic estimation as portion of their overall patient appraisal. Therefore, including the proposed mark in the diagnostic process is deserving seeking and may heighten a sawboness prejudiced capacity, under the requirement that it will be considered as an adjunct in determination devising that can non replace careful surgical judgement. Table 1 Performance of the proposed diagnostic mark in the survey. Number of points Number of patients [ n=134 ] ( % of sum ) Acute appendicitis [ n=59,44.0 % ] Non appendicitis status [ n=75, 56.0 % ] Percentage of patients with appendicitis among patients with the several mark 0-4 06 ( 4.5 % ) 0 06 0 % 5-7 70 ( 52.2 % ) 3 67 4.38 % 8-15 58 ( 43.3 % ) 56 2 96.5 % Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of the patients with suspected appendicitis. Patients ‘ features ( n = 134 ) Acute appendicitis ( % ) [ n = 59, 44.0 % ] No appendicitis ( % ) [ n = 75, 56.0 % ] P value Demographic informations Male sex 35 ( 59.5 ) 40 ( 53.5 ) 0.292 Age [ mean  ± SD ( scope ) ] 27.2  ± 12.2 ( 15-85 ) 29.4  ± 14.7 ( 15-86 ) 0.889 Symptoms Anorexia 40 ( 67.8 ) 53 ( 70.7 ) 0.675 Vomiting 28 ( 47.3 ) 28 ( 37.2 ) 0.076 Migration of hurting 36 ( 61.0 ) 25 ( 33.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Duration of symptoms A ; lt ; 48 hours 49 ( 83.0 ) 49 ( 65.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Signs Tenderness in right lower quarter-circle 53 ( 89.8 ) 31 ( 41.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Rebound tenderness 36 ( 66.1 ) 19 ( 25.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Guarding 29 ( 49.1 ) 14 ( 18.6 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Rectal tenderness 16 ( 27.1 ) 24 ( 32.0 ) 0.321 Laboratory informations Leukocyte count A ; gt ; 12,000/?l 36 ( 61.0 ) 8 ( 10.7 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Neutrophils A ; gt ; 75 % 50 ( 84.7 ) 34 ( 45.4 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Temperature A ; gt ; 37.5 A ; deg ; C 43 ( 72.8 ) 44 ( 58.7 ) 0.008 Ultrasound positive for acute appendicitis 48 ( 81.4 ) 39 ( 5.2 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Table 3 Comparison of the proposed mark with the old 1s. Scoring instrument True positive False positive True negative False negative Tin SPC PPV ( 95 % CI ) NPV ( 95 % CI ) P Value Van Way 71 29 85 16 81.6 74.6 71.0 ( 61.5-78.9 ) 84.2 ( 75.8-90.0 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Teicher 77 19 95 10 88.5 83.3 80.2 ( 71.1-86.9 ) 90.5 ( 83.4-94.7 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Arnbj A ; ouml ; rnsson 71 33 81 16 81.6 71.1 68.3 ( 58.8-76.4 ) 83.5 ( 74.9-89.6 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Alvarado 78 27 87 9 89.7 76.3 74.3 ( 65.2-81.7 ) 90.6 ( 83.1-94.9 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Feny A ; ouml ; 79 17 97 8 90.8 85.1 82.3 ( 73.5-88.6 ) 92.4 ( 85.7-96.1 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Lindberg 74 14 100 13 85.1 87.7 84.1 ( 75.1-90.3 ) 88.5 ( 81.3-93.2 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Izbicki 70 34 80 17 80.5 70.2 67.3 ( 57.8-75.6 ) 82.5 ( 73.7-88.8 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 De Dombal 70 31 83 17 80.5 72.8 69.3 ( 59.7-77.5 ) 83.0 ( 74.5-89.1 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Christian 74 17 97 13 85.1 85.1 81.3 ( 72.1-87.9 ) 88.2 ( 80.8-92.9 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Eskelinen 72 9 105 15 82.8 92.1 88.9 ( 80.2-94.1 ) 87.5 ( 80.4-92.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Ohmann 81 19 95 6 93.1 83.3 81.0 ( 72.2-87.5 ) 94.1 ( 87.6-97.2 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Our Proposed mark 55 2 74 3 95.4 97.4 96.5 ( 90.2-98.8 ) 96.5 ( 91.4-98.6 ) A ; lt ; 0.001 Tin: sensitiveness ; SPC: specificity ; PPV: positive prognostic value ; NPV: negative prognostic value ; ACR: truth ; CI: assurance interval. Figure I. Accuracy of tonss in assorted surveies How to cite Diagnosis Of Acute Appendicitis Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Chuck Berry free essay sample

One song that personifies the raucous, feel good party vibe of the fifties would be Chuck Berrys School Days which was released In 1957. He truly made a hit with rebellious teenagers with a song about the occurrences of a school day and all of the trials and tribulations that go along with it. Chuck was also known as one of the most influential blues guitarists of his time. In this particular Chuck Berry song there are 4 different instruments present; guitar, bass, drums, and piano. The drums and bass come together to form a solid withy section with an apparent shuffle rhythm.The drummer may be adding some syncopation to the rhythm because it sounds as if the he may be playing triplets on the high hat. The piano Is also adding to the rhythm section but at times throws in some licks. The guitar Is doing several things throughout to the song. We will write a custom essay sample on Chuck Berry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Berry uses a call and response technique. While he sings, there Is no guitar present, but then answers with riffs and licks full of pitch bending staying Inside the pentatonic scale, adding some blue notes here and there. During the guitar solo the Plano becomes little busier and Is throwing in some licks to accompany Berrys playing.As far as timekeeping, this song stays within its 4/4 time and is 12 bar blues. This is a twelve-measure idea that starts on the chord based around the first scale degree, or the tonic. It then switches to the IV chord in the fifth measure for two bars then goes back to l. It then switches to the dominant chord (V) then back to V, and then finally resolves to the I chord for the final two measures. One obvious change is the stop time that happens every 12 bars, well technically 11. Berry uses up one bar with he beginning of his verse and the music comes in on the 2nd bar.There are also some short stop time patterns present in the last 20 seconds of the song to accentuate Berrys vocals. The melody Is carried by the vocals and in the answering parts the guitar plays, sometimes almost Identical to each other. Worker your fingers right down to the bone. This line expresses the attitude this song is trying to get across. No one wants to be working hard in schoolteacher want to be partying, and dancing Soon as three oclock rolls around Ahoy finally lay your burden down. School is a burden and everyone wants to get out and start having fun.Similar to many asss party songs, the man is working against us and we need to Just drop our books, drop a coin in the Jukebox, dance and make out all night long. The song is strictly in 12 bar blues with a repeating verse. It does not change throughout the song. Other than some slight varying riffs here and there, there is really nothing that would change the verses to anything but a. Intro Verse Verse 12 Solo Verse Verse Verse Outrà © 1 Interlude a what style it is and also several of the techniques it employs to achieve this style.One of the things that Chuck Berry uses is pitch bending, specifically when it comes to the guitar. This is something that several other performers were using at the time, but Chuck Berry was extremely revolutionary when it came to the electric guitar. He used his unique guitar techniques to achieve the riffs that resembled a call and response with the vocals. Another thing that was influenced much by African music is the use of riffs, which is a melodic idea that is repeated over and over. The piano part, which although is not always melodic, is playing a repeated idea from chord to chord, as is he bass.The vocals were more rough than clean. Even though rougher lyrics, as these, were becoming more commonplace in this time period, it was still a new style that took time for people to get used to hearing. This is a great example of early rock and roll, which was obviously was influenced by many other styles. There is some hocus blues present with the lyrical ideas and is also influenced by gospel music with the call and response and pitch bending techniques. There are also similarities to other R styles from the asss and asss.

UW-Stout College Essay free essay sample

It was the summer of 2008. I had just finished 6th grade. I was relaxing on the couch watching TV, when I overheard my mom talking with my aunt, who was visiting for the weekend. They are both into photography. They were talking about how they edit their photos and my aunt asks, â€Å"Did you use Photoshop or iPhoto?† I sat there—puzzled. I went up to them and asked, â€Å"What’s Photoshop?† My aunt, studying to get her graphic design degree, mentioned it is an application that allows you to edit your photos. Having my question answered, I went back upstairs. A few days later, the thought of Photoshop popped back in my head. I had to know more. What can it do? Where can I get it? I jumped on the computer and looked it up. As I typed the words into the search engine, my curiosity increased with every keystroke. We will write a custom essay sample on UW-Stout College Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spending days, no, weeks, researching the fantastic product. Finally—I decided to buy it. For three years, I learned about the basics of photo editing. I was making abstract desktop backgrounds and basics things with the brush tool. I would run around and show people the things I have made because I was proud of my accomplishment. But I felt like it wasn’t enough. The summer before freshman year of high school, I finally saved up and purchased the full version of Photoshop. In the beginning, I learned how to make backgrounds for my computer and other basic things, but my skills grew quickly by spending time on YouTube, watching videos about Photoshop. After sophomore year, my concentration changed from desktop wallpapers and self-created images to photo-manipulations. That is where multiple images are combined to create a surrealistic space that may or may not be able to ever exist. Doing that allowed me to learn more about design and Photoshop. And by learning and sharing my art, I got recognized by people, which in turn, got me jobs to create designs for websites, and advertisements. That only made me want to be a Graphic Designer even more. Growing as an artist made me realize that art is something to be created not just for yourself, but for everyone. That being said, what I will bring to the campus is art, for everyone to see and enjoy, everyday.

Case Study Royal Numico NV

Case Study Royal Numico NV Numico has grown from humble beginnings to become of one of the largest companies that manufactures nutritional products. Acquisition is one of the major strategies of the company. Throughout, the history of the company, it has acquired companies in various locations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Royal Numico NV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has enabled the company to venture into foreign markets. This company has helped in sustaining its growth. Acquisitions enabled the company to control interests in more than 100 countries. This enabled the company’s products to reach a large number of people. Numico uses a medical platform marketing. This implies that the company uses its experience in manufacturing products that have a medical backing. The company has laboratories in several countries. These laboratories use scientific data to develop new products. This enables the company to d evelop products for vulnerable people. Research enabled the company to develop products that focused on the link between nutrition, diseases, and health. This enabled the company to improve its competitiveness. The U.S. is one of the most lucrative markets. Numico acquired General Nutrition Companies (GNC) to improve its competitiveness. GNC was the largest producer and marketer of nutritional supplements. The company exported its products to more than 25 countries. Therefore, acquisition of the company enabled it to acquire the customers of the company. This enabled Numico to improve its competitiveness globally. GNC had a strong brand name. This brand name and Numico’s scientific knowledge would help in improving the competitiveness of the new entity. Acquisitions of new companies made Numico venture into industries that were different from its traditional areas of operation. Enrich International specialized in the sale of nutritional supplements and personal care products. On the other hand, Rexall Sundown Inc. specialized in the sale of vitamins, nutritional supplements, and consumer health products. The demand for nutritional supplements was income elastic.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The demand was dependent on the income of customers. Reduced income reduced the demand of the nutritional supplements. Nutritional supplements were not vital products. This necessitated the company to device strategies that would enable it to market the nutritional supplements effectively. Acquisition of new companies exposed the companies to several risks. Numico specialized in the production and marketing of nutritional products that targeted infants, patients and other people who had special nutritional needs. It was vital for the company’s products to meet the nutritional needs of the target market. Failure to meet the nutritional needs would reduce its competitiveness. Numico acquired companies in different geographical locations. This exposed the companies to risks due to the volatility of the exchange rate. Volatility of the exchange rate may have a negative or positive impact on the company. Drop in the rate of the U.S. dollar versus the euro reduced the profitability of Rexall Sundown and GNC. This is despite the fact that these companies has improved performance. Reduced profitability of these companies forced Numico to sell the companies and exit from the nutritional supplements market. Traditionally, Numico specialized in the sale of products that targeted infants and other people who had special nutritional needs. However, the acquisition of new companies forced the company to start selling nutritional supplements. These products were more sensitive to the prevailing economic situations. Fluctuation in the demand of these products exposed the company to several risks. However, customers’ incr eased consciousness of their health increased the demand of these products. Acquisition of new companies necessitated Numico to specialize in the production and sale of infant nutrition products, healthcare products, and supplements. Historically, Numico was a high growth and high profit margin company.  However, Rexall Sundown was a low growth low margin company. In addition, GNC was a high margin low growth business.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Royal Numico NV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These companies did not fit Numico’s strategy of high growth high margin. This necessitated Numico to sell the companies. Numico acquired several companies during its history. In 1999, the company acquired General Nutrition Companies. In 2000, Numico acquired Enrich International and Rexall Sundown. However, in 2003, Numico sold Rexall Sundown and GNC. The sale of these companies was due to the fact that the companies did not fit Numico’s strategy. The companies did not meet Numico’s profit expectations. Nutritional supplement market was a low growth market. In addition, the market was income elastic. However, soon after the sale of the companies they became profitable. The sale of the companies was a right decision. Failure to sell the companies would have necessitated Numico to change its strategy. This may have had a negative effect on the company. However, sale of the companies made Numico lose the money it had invested in the companies. In addition, Numico lost the competitive edge it had due to the acquisition of the companies. Sale of the companies enabled the company to concentrate on its traditional market of infant nutrition and clinical nutrition products. The company had vast experience in producing and marketing these products. This enabled it to have a competitive edge in the market.

Theory of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory of Health Care - Essay Example "Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should be the primary focus in health care and specific services reimbursed through health insurance coverage" (Pender 2006). Pender underlines that community programs should support all areas of health promotion and healthcare system in general. "New and evolving computer technologies will enable health professionals to assess individuals effectively as a basis for personalized interventions" (Pender 2006). Nurses, because of their commitment to care for people with health needs, must take transitions, and the family's definition of that transition, into account when assessing patients or clients and planning nursing intervention. Pender considers the family to be both inward and outward looking. She observed that the family had internalized values and traditions that it exists to nurture its members, only to release them into society, where in future it would recreate itself. She also emphasizes that society both reflects change in families and that society effects change upon families over time in a feedback loop. Pender states: "We cannot continue to let people become ill when we have the means to keep many people well" (Pender 2006). Pender underlines importance of regular medical examinations for infants and aged family members.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summary - Assignment Example Consent, for them, is not real consent. For other patients, having the opportunity to participate in a clinical trial was empowering. At the end of her study, Dr. Corrigan reflects that she will reconsider her own methods which are mainstream regarding informed consent. She believes her practice will improve because of this. Doctors clearly need to take into full account the ethical dimensions of their patients choices and consent. I found this to be a very interesting article. It was topical. I was especially interested in what Dr. Corrigan wrote in relation to pharmaceutical trials and companies. These days there is a lot of controversy over the political, medical, and cultural influence of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical companies. Because this is now a big business, people are concerned that certain ethical standards may be being replaced by a nasty business sense. There have been some accusations of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug representatives and salespeople, including the giving of gifts to doctors, paying for and sponsoring conferences, for example. Doctors are often hired and paid to sit on the boards of various pharmaceutical companies thus providing an appearance of medical credibility to a company or product that may not independently possess it. The pharmaceutical industry also has thousands of lobbyists in Washington, D.C., that lobby Congress and try protec t their own interests and weaken laws that might limit their profit or make it more expensive and difficult to sale drugs. We need doctors to stand up and be ethical and to inform their patients about their involvement. Dr. Corrigan writes that when doctors request that patients participate in studies of a research nature, patients can feel manipulated or betrayed (781). This is a very negative consequence with ethical implications that must be considered from both the point of view of the patient and of the

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants Dissertation

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants (and animals), they are proteins that that bind to carboh - Dissertation Example So a study on biochemical, physiological and molecular levels is required to explore the importance of Lectin in the plant cell. Lectin is present in many forms in the plant cells. The pollen grains of the apple are found to have some group of Lectin. These Lectin are heterodimers and have a great affinity for the glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 30,000 Daltons and have two subunits with N-acetyl glucosamine residues. Arabinose is found linked to the polypeptide chain as ?-L-arabinofuranosides through the hydroxylproline residues. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). The glycopeptides are found to contain lesser amount of serine, S-carboxyl methyl cysteine and other amino acids such as glycine as major amino acids. Cysteine (16%), Hydroxyproline (11%) and Glycine (12%) is the major amino acid composition of lectin. Lectin agglutinates the cells and precipitates the complex carbohydrates. The lectin has Arabinose monosachharide (93%) and Galactose (7.5%) of the total 37% carbohydrate conte nt of lectin. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). ... Second thing to look upon is whether it is bound to any organelle or free protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation can be carried out after cell lysis. The cell disruption can be performed in many ways. Using mortar and pestle, sonication are some of the simple steps that can be easily practiced in lab. (Scopes, 1994).The cells are crushed using the saline buffer in order to maintain the pH. The protein extraction procedures are carried out in a cold room usually at 4 Â °C, in order to preserve the active part of the protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation is then carried out. Ammonium sulfate precipitation is a salting out process where the proteins are precipitated by adding ammonium sulfate at saturation constant. The saturation level varies for every protein and hence this phenomenon is widely used for the separation of the protein from the cell debris. The percentage of purification achieved at this stage is around 30 – 40%. Ammonium sulfate precipitation method i s repeated to increase the concentration of the protein in the sample. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the ammonium sulfate salt is removed from the protein by using the neutralizing buffer. The dialysis is the next downstream processing step. Dialysis is done using a semi-permeable membrane bag that has a very small pore size of 20 Â µm. Dialysis is done overnight in the saline to concentrate the protein. For further purification of the protein, chromatographic techniques are used. Affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography are some of the most commonly used chromatographic techniques for this protein. Same type of lectin is present in seeds and pollen grains hence the same procedure for the seed lectin extraction can be followed for the pollen

Operations management is very important

Operations management is very important Operations management is concerned with managing inputs through transformation processes to deliver outputs eg: people, materials, technology. It is concerned with managing the resources that directly produce the organizations service or product. It is an important part of any organization. Operations management is very important in business operations since if forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. Also it deals with design, operation and improvement of systems that create and deliver a firms primary products and services. Role of Implementer, Operations manager and Drivers: Implementers role is implementing new ideas, finding opportunities, designing, they have dreams and the Operations managers job is to workout their dreams come true. Role of managing operations involves five specific tasks. The operations managers must know overall objectives of the operations like quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost. Improving quality can improve performance against any other objectives. Speed refers to the time it takes to deliver what is required of it. Means doing things quickly this can be achieved through rapid suppliers and effective control of work. Dependability covers how reliable the organization keeps promises to its customers. This can be achieved through an efficient scheduling system, reliable equipment and motivation. Flexibility concerns how quick the operation can change to meet demands and the finances consumed refers cost. Cost involves doing things cheaply by getting the right mix of resources and facilities providing good produc ts and services at low cost which can be achieved through increased capacity utilization, reduced overheads and higher productivity. It is the responsibilities of operations manager to undertake responsibility for begin involved in design, inventory management, customer service and the delivery processes. Thus operations managers have to know how the operations activities fare under this calculation. Managers have to understand what operation has to be go at in their particular environment. What operations has to be good at is usually delivering to the right quality, at the right speed, keeping its promises, providing appropriate flexibility and incurring the lowest feasible costs. Managers have to understand what their operation has to be good at in their particular environment. Drivers role is to workout the calculations of managers. They are involved in manufacturing products, loading it from warehouses to retailers, distributing. Infact they are making money for the organisation and the benefits company gains from these are good reputation and remuneration in the industry. A good communication between operations and these functions will help to make the organisation run smoothly. Importance of effective operations management is that it is able to produce professional managers capable of fulfilling strategic roles within business and government enterprises. Like marketing and finance, operations management is a functional field of business with clear management responsibilities. Reliance Communications Limited(RCOM) founded by the late Shri Dhirubhai H Ambani is the leading company of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, listed in the National Stock Exchange(NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange(BSE), and is now ranked among the top ten Asian Telecom companies. Reliance Communications is one of Indias foremost telecommunication service providers with more than 85 million customers. Services including national and international long distance calls and broadband services along with a wide range of value-added services and other applications. Companies Vision is to execute projects to facilitate leading edge communication and services affordable to all individual consumers and to offer value to create more customer satisfaction and to improve entire business of the enterprises and individuals whom they serve. Having achieved immense growth, the main challenge of RCOM is to improve quality of service and also its enterprise business is also not in a position to competate with the global giants. Keeping cost in mind, RCOM targets rural customers with new and latest services and cheap prices for mobile Internet access and also BharatNet, Wireless internet service High speed. For this, RCOM had offered internet access for just Rs 98/- per week with up to 350MB of downloads. Keeping dependability and flexibility in mind, they started expanding rural services with new Grameen VAS. Grameen VAS services met the local needs of rural mobile consumers in over 500,000 Indian villages. All these shows companies thrust into the vast po tential. Grameen VAS will be an essential part of their daily lives. It covers several specialised services including Agriculture, Animal husbandry, Weather Forecast, Local info, mHealth, mCommerce and Community Messaging. These services can be accessed via different modes i.e. Voice Portais, SMS, Data(R-World) etc. Just Rs.15/- is charged per month for Grameen VAS inorder to increase its adoption. Machine to Machine Applications (M2M), which are some mobile applications used for surveillance, automation, data gathering and remote monitoring. Its role for rural market includes Irrigation Automation services, monitoring water level, data gathering for agriculture co-operatives milk, soil analysis, fisheries and poultry. Reliance communications, as per its expansion plan has aimed to become one of the single largest wireless networks in the world, covering 1000 million Indians or more than 20% of the worlds population. Also it has a plan to cover 25,000 towns and every single Indian with a population of over 1,000. â€Å"Driving Internet penetration across the country beyond cities is the main priority of Reliance Communications† Reliance Communications, Indias biggest dual network operator and one of the largest telecom operators has won in introducing major techniques aimed at growing the mobile telecom and internet penetration almost everywhere in Rural India. For this they had introduced three initiatives i.e. BharatNet plan, Grameen VAS M2M (Machine-to-Machine) solutions. RCOM achieved this exponential growth through innovative planning and through ground breaking services and offerings in tariffs. The company was the pioneer one to break the Rs 1,000/- entry-barrier with the launch of the lowest cost handset at Rs 777. With this range of price, they plan to appeal with both, heavy and casual users. One India- One tariff plan helped millions to connect across any where in India at just one rupee per minute and Grameen VAS with just Rs 15/- a month. In six years, the company has achieved that much success in making mobile telephone affordable to millions of Indians which was the key driver of Indias enhanced rural tele-density from 1.5% in March 2003 to 15% in May 2009. Reliance communications network has already covered almost 100% of rail routes, providing clear radio, voice and video and internet connectivity to 14mn commuters each day. Recently covered mostly 100% of all highways, national and 84% of all state, helping millions of consumers the strength to talk, sms, surf net, play, chat stay in touch with the whole length of Indias 2 lakh km road networks. RCOM, introduced a new generation, integrated wire line and also wireless, voice, data and video digital network which is able for providing best services, covering over 20 thousand towns and 500 thousand villages. Company operates and owns the worlds largest next generation infrastructure of IP enabled connectivity, comprising over 1lakh 75 thousand kilometers of optic cable systems (fibre) in India, USA, Europe, Middle East and the Asia Pacific region. Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group currently has a worth in excess of Rs. 64,000 crore, cash flows of Rs. 13,000 crore and profit of Rs. 8,400 crore. The company, which has a customer base of over 85 million including over 2.2 million overseas customers, ranks among the Top 5 Telecom companies in the world by number of customers in a single country. On rural basis, the Indian telecom wireless rural subscriber base is now over 125 million. The next wave of telecom growth is emerging from rural parts of India, with a rural base which is expec ted to be double in preceding years. MICROSOFT: Resources, tools and systems are essential part of any business process which when work co-related paves the way to success of any company. Resources: The term ‘resources refer to a group of systems organised together in a proper manner. Various elements which comes together and also which comes to an end. For eg: Management resources, Planning resources. Business resources are usually grouped under several categories like Financial Resources which concerns the ability of the business to finance its strategy. Human resources, which include assessment of factors like existing staffing resources, changes required resources. Physical resources include information technology, production and marketing facilities. Intangible resources that include intellectual property, good will, brands, reputation. A business process can be divided into sub processes which are concerned with customer satisfaction. Tools: An Organization of functionally interactive units for the achievement of a common goal, a group of interacting, interrelated, social, economic, political, organizational form or interdependent elements forming a complex whole or a set of objects. The phenomenon grouped together for classification or analysis, an organized and coordinated method, a procedure or a set of interrelated ideas or principles. Tools are all objectives of systems. Analytic tools, system tools, diagrammatic tools eg: word, excel, power point, Internet explorer are all tools of Microsoft. Design tools of Microsoft include Deep Zoom Composer, Expression studio. Development tools and languages includes visual studio, visual FoxPro, Microsoft Robotics, Windows SDK. System: A system which can be used to find the facts how good you are in meeting standard and keeping everyone happy, an organized way to find how good you are in satisfying the customers meeting the quality and customers satisfaction. Production or Technical systems are concerned with the accomplishment of the basic tasks of the organization like production of goods and services etc. Supportive systems are the systems which obtains the inputs and dispose of the outputs of the production subsystem. For eg: The supervisor program or OS on a computer. A network of related computer software, hardware and data transmission devices. All systems have inputs, outputs and feedback and maintain a basic level of equilibrium. For eg: in the human body the heart functions to support the circulatory system, the type of traffic system which prevails in India. Microsoft Office System delivers a powerful collection of integrated programs, tools, servers, technologies and services that will help its developers build business solutions and connect people one another and to information. Microsoft Office System, Office 2003, 2007 is some of them. Quality audit systems: A good management system cant function without adequate audits and reviews. The system reviews, needed to be carried out periodically and systematically, to ensure that the system achieves the required effect, audits are carried out to make sure that actual methods are adhering to the documented procedures. Auditing means checking the standards. A quality management system review should be instituted every twelve months, with the aims of ensuring that the system is achieving the desired results or not, revealing defects or irregularities in the system, checking on all levels of management, uncovering danger area, to verify that corrective action procedures are effective. Guidance on quality management system audits is given in the international standard ISO 10011. The assessment of a quality system against a particular standard or set of requirements by internal audit and review is known as a first-party assessment or approval scheme. If an external customer ma kes the assessment of a supplier against either its own or a national or international standard, a second-party scheme is in operation. The assessment by an independent organization, not connected with any contract between customer and supplier, but acceptable to them both, is known as an independent third-party assessment scheme. Implementation of System Quality in Microsoft: When we implement system quality, its best to start with a plan. Software quality, by definition, is the degree to which software possesses a desired combination of attributes [IEEE 1992]. Therefore, to improve system quality, we must focus our attention on software-quality attributes. Ultimately, there are only a few system quality attribute primitives to which all system qualities can map. It includes Agility, Flexibility, Interoperability, Maintainability, Reliability, Performance, Reusability, Scalability, Testability and Usability. We must come up with our own set, so that we can clearly communicate with the stakeholders how system quality will affect our architecture decisions. There are a few system qualities that contributed to this positive experience, such as maintainability and testability, but there is one system quality that stands out, System flexibility. Quality culture is basically in corporation of quality in the overall system of an organization which leads to a positive internal environment and creation of delighted customers. A changed mindset at all the levels of management is the basic tool for implementation of such a culture. As the process of starting quality culture begins with managers who know the value of the systems view and also its believe in its implications. In order to create such a culture a changed mindset is essential and it is achieved through self realization at the top or through workshops and trainings. In other words, a quality culture is the organizational capability, its habits and benefits that enable it to deliver and design services and products that can meet customer needs and be successful in the market place for a long term. Microsoft awoken to the realization that its customers would be better served by actually being able to use their computers without having to pay for extra third party software to protect them. Punctuality is a must as all know in every organisation. We have to identify key perform indicates eg: employing good employees, Communicate with the employees, taulk with them, check if they accept that quality culture. Monitoring System-Quality Attributes: According to the plan to define the metrics of system quality and to monitor and track them throughout the software-development life cycle. The purpose of using metrics is to reduce subjectivity during monitoring activities and providing quantitative data for analysis. Any good system architecture has quality requirements, so this is a good place to start. For explaining this, consider flexibility, which is a specific system-quality attribute that consider very important in delivering agility to the business and IT stakeholders. Quality of service (QoS) System requirements; the solution architect is responsible for the integrity of the solution, and poorly defined system requirements can lead to confusion and it will result in a poor quality solution. To mitigate this, ensure that system requirements include QoS requirements specifically for those which are correlated to the prioritized system quality attributes. First build high quality software. Secondly, leverage the industry practice that guide solution architects to build high quality software systems. Last, build a plan for implementing system quality into the solution and avoid optimizing for all quality attributes. Prioritizing the quality attributes and focus attention on the top three. Ideally, it will improve the chances of software which will last and can reap long term benefits by improving customers. Reference: Les Galloway, Frank Rowbotham, and Masoud Azhashemi, 2000, Operations Management in context. First edition by (ISBN: 0750642807). Published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000. From given notes. http://www.scribd.com http://www.rcom.co.in/webapp/Communications/rcom/Media/press_release_detail.jsp?id=349 http://www.answers.com/topic/system http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409094.aspx http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb402962.aspx http://www.blurtit.com/q165042.html http://www.asqlongisland.org/seminars/The_New_Quality_Culture.pdf http://www.cafeid.com/art-newms.shtml

Dramatic Tension in The Crucible Essay -- The Crucible Arthur Miller W

Dramatic Tension in The Crucible The play, ‘The Crucible’, illustrates how people react to mass hysteria created by a person or group of people, as people did during the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s and the Salem witch hunts of 1962. Many Americans were wrongly accused of being Communist sympathizers. The activities of the House of Un-American Activities Committee began to be linked with the witchcraft trials that had taken place in the town of Salem. This provided Miller with the catalyst to write ‘The Crucible’. Without the knowledge of the McCarthy hearings and the Salem witch hunts, ‘The Crucible’ may be seen as a melodrama and the events in the play, sensationalised. It is not a melodrama because it is not overly dramatic; the McCarthy hearings and the witch hunts inject realism in the play. The play deals with historical events and with characters that have a historical context. Through the use of dialogue, stage directions which enable us to envisage the scene on stage and characterisation we can see how dramatic tension is created by Miller. These aspects are to be explored for each act. Act One begins with Reverend Parris praying fervently over his daughter, Betty Parris, who lies unconscious on her bed. The stage directions indicate that the room is quite dark with only a candle burning and sunlight through the window lighting the room. Parris is frightened, confused and angered by Betty’s illness, perhaps wondering what he has done wrong to be inflicted with such misery. This shown by the way he prays, then weeps and then starts praying again as if he unsure even of his emotions. He is very tense and is quickly angered without provocation, for example when Tituba inquires about Betty he turns on her in fury and shouts at her to get out. He then starts to sob and in his fear he starts to mumble to Betty to wake up, his feeling of inadequacy is expressed through his fragmented, disjointed sentences. ‘Oh, my God! God help me! Betty. Child. Dear Child. Will you wake, will you open your eyes! Betty, little one†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He turns on Abigail and confronts her and through the conversation between Reverend Parris and his niece Abigail, the audience learns that the town’s girls, including Abigail and Betty, had engaged in activities in the forest led by Tituba; Parris’ slave from Barbados. At this moment they are only provided with conflicting accou... ...he town like others before him. He and Rebecca are led out and Parris, Hale and Elizabeth are left on stage. A drum roll is heard in the background, showing that there is little time left to stop the hangings. Parris and Hale plead frantically with Elizabeth to stop him and that there is time yet but as the drum roll signifies, not much time. Elizabeth knows that this is the only way things can end so that she and Proctor can finally be at peace. She replies to hale and Parris, ‘He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!’ The loud drum roll that heightens violently at the end of the play signifies a definite end to the play. It leaves a tense atmosphere; which leaves the audience to contemplate the play and particular characters and their relevance to the title. Proctor would be seen as the one comes out of the ‘crucible’ purified. The light that shines through the window at the very end of the play makes the ending symbolic. The word, ‘new’ almost lets us forget all the tragic events that have passed and that the best solution would be to start afresh. It leaves the audience thinking there is a hope for the people of Salem especially with the presence of light.

Detailed explanation of how other businesses support the retail sector P2 Essay

There are many different businesses that help in the retail sector to keep the business going and running efficiently and without these businesses it would be extremely hard if not impossible to get a business off the ground or even keep one running. Opening a sports shop in Manchester To begin with we need a place for all the money to go so that we can keep track of incoming and outgoing money so we need a business account with a bank. A bank is a business that provides a place for you to hold your money securely and also providing a way to track and manage your money and accounts making it easier for you to manage your taxes sales and expenditures and having an account you need someone to manage these for you so you would need an accountant there are businesses that can provide you with an accountant or accountants that will work for you they manage your accounts balancing your sales, expenditures and your taxes giving you more time to work on other areas of the business. A lot of business is now done on computers or if it’s a shop on tills so this requires a place for you to get your computers, tills or other hardware needed to run the store being a sports shop we will be using tills for the sales of products, computers for managing accounts and emailing, printers for making bank notes, receipts and bills and telephones for making calls to make sales and orders so we will need a phone company to provide us with a phone line and an account with them for phone usage, an internet provider to give us an internet connection so that we can send e-mails, check accounts online, make a website to advertise and even sell our goods on which will require a web designer who will make the website and manage it for us. We also need electronics stores that could sell us the computers, telephones and printers. Tills are a specialist item to buy so you will need to find a company that will provide and perform the necessary upkeep on them and we also need I.T specialists who can provide us with the software and management of the software for the tills and computers. We also need to find a supplier to provide us with the sportswear and sporting goods for us to sell a supplier is a company that usually make the goods themselves or buy it from the manufacturers and sell everything in bulk for a cheap price and then you sell the goods on for a profit, so they are two more businesses that can help us manufacturers and  suppliers without these businesses we would struggle to get the goods we need to sell. Then we need logistics companies to transport these goods to us and even from us to the customers, we might also need a place to store our goods so we will need warehousing and possibly security services to make it safe to store the goods so you might look into security companies/businesses that will manage the shops and warehouses. We also have accidents at work in stores and possible needs for legal action so we could do with lawyers/solicitors so finding a law firm that can help is also a good thing to be aware of. When you have problems with the buildings that you are using for your business activities you will need trades people to fix any issues you may be having i.e. Say your plumbing is leaking or toilet facilities or malfunctioning you will need to find a plumber to come and fix the problems you are having, if you need lighting or sockets or general electrical work doing you will need an electrician, if you are building a new building you will need architects, brick layers, window fitters, roofers, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, landscapers and possibly more to make your new building. If you want to expand your business and help it grow but you haven’t got the money for it straight away you might consider looking for investors who will give you the money upfront for your business venture for a percentage of the company profits. We also have accidents and tragedies that happen and could cause problems or losses within a company and for these times you can also get insurance from an insurance company who will help you and even pay for any issues that need to be fixed and solved. So to sum it all up there are many businesses that we need to make a business and to keep a business running and without these different businesses there would be no retail and no business.

St.Domingue Revolution

First Examination (Response #1) When the Europeans arrived in the Caribbean, they were looking to invade and inhabit the land. Little did they know,the islands were already occupied by other groups of people at the time. One of those groups were the Ciboneys, or the Guanahuateby(Lucayans) who were inhabiting the Watlings Islands. The Ciboneys were believed to be the first group of people to inhabit the island. They migrated from the Orinico region, probably through Florida and the Bahamas. Although they are said to migrate from these areas, there origins are unknown.The Ciboneys were hunters, who collected the islands most useful resources. The Ciboneys were inhabitants of the islands before the birth of Christ, which was around 2000 years later. The Lucayans were also crafty people, who worked with shells, bones, stones, and different woods. Outside of their crafty work, it is believed that they were not producers of pottery. From the months of April to October, the Ciboneys migrate d from the coast of Venuzeula to the Caribbean when the currents and winds were favorable. From November to March, they were effected by the winds and winter.Another group of people that were inhabitants of the Caribbean before the arrival of the Eurpeans were the Arawaks. The Arawaks were migrants from Central and South America, who expanded their homelands to the Northern and Southern regions of Cuba and Trinidad. They occupied larger areas, such as Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and were believed to share Cuba and Hispaniola with the Ciboney. They traveled in large canoes, which were man-made from tree trunks and held fairly significant amounts of people. It is said they traveled down the Orinoco and arrived to Trinidad, where they called Lere.They inhabited the southern region of Trinidad amd became known as the Igneri. From there, they set for the Bahamas, where they were known as the Lueayans. Island Arawaks are said to be non- militaristic people with a hierachy struc tured society of manioc producing agriculturalists. Through their agriculture experience, they became advanced in producing and taming wide varieties of plants and animals. From their experience in marine culture, they made their own boats and used them for their own voyages to other areas. They also grew crops, such as peanuts, yams, maize, and cotton.

buy custom Their Own Worst Enemy essay

buy custom Their Own Worst Enemy essay This article talks about the investors who love to put their blames on their advisers when their investments do not work out. The advisers on the other hand put the blame on the investors suggesting that they are their own worst enemies. There are three main ways through which the advisers suggests the investors damage their own selections; the first is blowing in the wind where the investors are easily influenced by the market situation. They sometimes sell low while they buy high thus encountering losses. Lee Munson, the owner of Albuquerque once said that the bold and foolish lambs are enticed by noise to each treacherous gulf. The second issue according to Mr. Munson is that the investors buying stocks without examining it methodically and considering how it suits in a portfolio is not a brilliant idea. Note that Mr. Munson was an adviser of a 70-year-old retired multimillionaire and he experienced such things. The other way is that the investors focus too narrowly. The advisers frequently speak diversification as a means to endure the ups and downs of financial markets. Another adviser mentioned in the article is Mr. Tuttle who was dealing with an old woman in 80s concerning her gold coins and stocks. He tried to urge her to get rid of some of the gold but it was difficult because she said that the gold never goes down. There are numerous individuals who falls in the same trap. For example, P.J. DiNuzzo, the founder of Investment Advisors Inc. said that most clients have their assortment situated in US without international diversification. His suggestion was that these clients are not focused at all, diversification is brilliant but the investing approach is scattered thus being likely to miss the mark. The article also talks about a New Providence adviser, James Gallo who says that the investors have no concept of their general allocation and that investment cannot be effective when managed with four different brokers and three different banks. He gives an example of a couple who invested in technology stocks who had lots of problems until they sorted his advice in 2010. He winded up by saying that he is not sure if they will act on his advise but if they do so, their investments will be successful. Buy custom Their Own Worst Enemy essay

Environmental and Consumer Influences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental and Consumer Influences - Essay Example According to Wilhem,Yankov & Magee (2011), consumer behavior is determined by their psychological makeup and the influence of others or may be defined as the outcome of interaction of the consumer and personal influence as well as pressure exerted on them by outside forces. An understanding of consumer behavior is integral in marketing and planning strategies because consumer preferences influence the existing consumers to generate preferences for new phones. Consumers may be either influenced by personal consumption or organizational consumption or individual and environmental factors. Some individual factors affecting consumer decision are demographics, consumer knowledge, perception,, attitudes and lifestyles while environmental factors include culture, social class, reference group, family and household. Most consumer decisions are influenced by price, brand, and interface and features particularly the physical appearance. Consumers significantly consider the size and the menu or ganization of mobile phones for self-identity purposes. Mobile phone users are also influenced by aesthetics and costs of the gadgets. Consumers value price, quality and style functions of the mobile phones. Some users prefer high priced mobile phones with unique features and style functions for identity purposes. Such kind of preference tends to be common amongst individuals who value personality issues. Moreover, the current youthful population embraces technological changes and would always love to identify themselves with new technology in the market. They tend to buy mobile phones that have new technology features and this greatly influences them to make new purchase decisions (Wilhem,Yankov & Magee, 2011). There are consumers who consider reliable quality and user-friendliness of the specific brand of mobile phone brand especially amongst youth consumers. Young consumers, mostly students and urban residents, value handsets of reputed brands, nice appearance, and advanced value

Human resources manangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resources manangement - Essay Example The advantage of using internal applicants in filling vacant positions is in regard to the motivation factor. Employees feel motivated when they are rewarded for good performance by being promoted to higher positions. Any organization that cannot be able to engage in employee advancement and promotion opportunities is likely to experience job dissatisfaction among the employees (Courtney, 1997: 126). Internal recruitment also provides the managers with the opportunity to use HR data that is available and maintained in the organization. An analysis of the employee performance is important in the recruitment process. This ensures that the organization is able to guess the competency of the employee (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Promotions within organizations lead to vacant positions that should be filled by other employees. The chain effect on promotion means that every time an employee is promoted, two or more positions will need to be filed. Internal promotions help to motivate employees since every promotion positively affects several employees within the organization (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Promotion of employees in the organization ensures that entry level vacancies are filled by external job applicants. The benefit of this approach is that no company is able to experiment unknown individuals in high risk employment positions. Further, employees have the chance to prove their ability in lower-level position first (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Bidding and job posting are the most common used methods of recruiting employees internally. Bidding occurs when qualified employees have been notified of the vacancy. They are then notified to bid for the vacancy if they want to be considered for the post. In bidding, the employee with the most seniority gets the job (Walsh, 2012: 52). Job posting involves the use of traditional bulletin boards, computer email based systems and telephone voicemail based systems. Computer email based systems and telephone voicemail

Organizational Analysis and Change Project Research Proposal

Organizational Analysis and Change Project - Research Proposal Example (Aaker, 1991) When message relevance is low, individuals will not actively process the information in the advertisement, but will instead rely on peripheral message cues to form or change attitudes. Brand Identity is that element of customer perception and awareness which has its focus in the results of a certain kind of projection through the brand equity building measures. This calls for an integrative model which will combine the basic elements of the brand identity and brand equity concepts so as to create a platform for the effective discussion of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. This has been of special relevance for the Coca Cola company as far as its foray into target market and product variation is concerned. (Kotler, 1997) The modern day organisation depends to a great extent on the contribution and quality of its human capital. The human capital may be defined as that element of the organisation's operational sphere that is a living, breathing part of the activities that put the innate resources and factors of production into application. This application results in profits arising out of the activities of the human capital and the efficiency with which this resource carries out its tasks. This in turn, has a bearing on the achievement of the organisation's goals. (Johnson, 1996. P 13 to 18) Business Partner The first role of the human resource in today's organisation is that of a business partner. This has come to the fore with the emergence of various service oriented companies that provide intensive marketing services along with the products that are being produced. The emergence of a marketing network has been crucial to companies like Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance, Oriflame Cosmetics and many others. (Green, 2002. P 111) The business partner method operates along the following lines, as depicted in the diagram below: Branch Manager ' Sales Team Manager ' Team of Business Partners (Sales Agent) (Green, 2002) These business partners work independently from home or under the name of their own business in order to cater to people exclusively and bring the products and services of the company to the doorstep of the independent clients. The role of these business partners is to bring business to the company by exploring their personal networks so as to earn commissions on the sales that they make. This is a formal level of institutionalised operations where the organisation profits greatly. This is done by pushing the product in quarters where the effects of regular marketing and promotion cannot reach. It is also an elevated level of salesman ship where the sales agents are offered a share in the business that they make. The advantage of this is that the business partners take a personal interest in the development of a clientele. (Green, 2002. P 111) Further, this serves the two fold purpose of sales and promotion. While there might not be immediate sales in some cases,

Respose to He-y, Come on Ou-t! by Shinichi Hoshi Essay Example for Free

Respose to He-y, Come on Ou-t! by Shinichi Hoshi Essay What would a life be without sunshine or moonlight, without the sound of the wind rushing through the trees, the smell of crisp autumn air, or without the feel of dewy grass brushing our feet? Our environment gives us a source of peace, happiness and relaxation. But what about a life filled with ringing cell phones, angry bosses, tight deadlines and traffic jams? Living with these aggravations causes us stress, anger and chaos, but what are the benefits? Oh, but of course! How could I forget about money! People will go to any lengths for prosperity, even as far as destroying our precious environment. Shinichi Hoshi demonstrates this mania in his short story He-y, Come on Ou-t!. Upon the discovery of the infinite hole, we are first introduced to mans willingness to sacrifice the Earths well-being. A concessionaire claims the hole with a profitable plot in mind and launches a vigorous campaign. Weve got a fabulously deep hole! Scientists say its at least five thousand meters deep! Perfect for the disposal of such things as waste from nuclear reactors! (154), he chanted. Since its not environmentally safe to dispose of nuclear waste above ground, it must be perfectly harmless to put it in ground, right? Id hoped that the villagers would object to this ridiculous arrangement, and they did. They balked at the idea until it was explained that there would be absolutely no above-ground contamination for several thousand years and that they would share in the profits. Into the bargain, a magnificent road was built from the city to the village (154). I am sadly disappointed in you, villagers. You are all in the mindset of Oh, it wont affect us for awhile, plus were getting money and a new road! What could be wrong with that? Has it not occurred to you that even though you are benefiting from this proposal, that it might be causing harm elsewhere, in serious areas such as the environment? Of course not! As human beings we dislike thinking about the eventual consequences (155) and are extremely ambitious, therefore being much too preoccupied with our thoughts of success and growth. Our society has become so preoccupied with visions of wealth and expansion that weve failed to notice the state of our weakening environment. We are concentrating solely on producing one thing after another (155), no matter  the price the Earth is forced to pay. I have a hard time to believe that such an intelligent species could be so horribly ignorant about such a matter. Although some are aware of the way we are wrecking havoc against our planet, so little being done to protect our earth. We all need to realize that all of our selfish and inconsiderate deeds that we are pressing upon our planet will be back to haunt us. We are sitting in the drivers seat, chattering away on our cell phones, too engrossed to spot the danger. In the blink of an eye we see the impending collision, but its too late. We are all so absorbed with dollar signs that we cant appreciate Mother Earths true value. The man, however, was gazing in idle reverie at the citys skyline growing ever more beautiful, and he failed to notice (155).

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades with the onset of the industrial revolution, the work place has seen a change in stance with respect to its people working in organizations. The key theme resonates around the ever increasing importance being given to the employees or the human resource. It started with what theorists referred to as personnel management. Some theorists believe that personnel management evolved in to what is now called human resource management while others draw significant strategic and operational differences between them (Torrington et al. 2005). The basic difference that the researchers find between these two is their area of focus within the organisation. Personnel management looks primarily into administrative aspects of the organisation while, Human resource management, on the other hand, looks after developing, retaining and growing the human aspect the organisation. In most organisations today we see a growing importance given to this function at strategic levels. In this essay, the theory that exists for personnel management and human resource management will be critically contrasted and analysed to come to a conclusion in the debate mentioned in the previous paragraph. A number of theorists look at each of these as independent elements as well as relational elements and this essay explains the establishment of the context of each of the elements i.e. personnel management and human resource management, the change or the perceived transformation of personnel management to human resource management and drawing differences and similarities found in the existing literature to conclusively define whether there is a difference between the two or is Human Resource Management a term which is purely an evolution of personnel management. 2. THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT There has been a significant amount of literature that has been critical of personnel management of being low on organisational status in the recent years. The perception is widely held that the function of personnel management is limited in a reactive and administrative position and fails to hold relevance to the aims of the organisation. To elucidate this perception it should function at a strategic level (Lundy, 1994). Authors such as Drucker (1968), Watson (1977), Legge (1978) and Rowland and Summers (1981) relate personnel management to an administrative role. This could include payroll, maintaining practices with respect to regulation and other such activities. Torrington and Hall (1987) noted that personnel management looks towards the line manager for the as a key driver for the integration to the overall organizational goals. However the lack of strategic direction sometimes causes a conflict with the overall role of the manager which is more strategic in nature. Lundy (1994 ) noted that the establishment of the trade unions in UK along with the subsequent welfare movement that began with the onset of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century became the underlying cause of this conflict. Trade unions meant the workers were represented, were informed and could now demand and fight for their rights while line managers and governments considered labour as commodity. This lack of strategic composition in personnel management began to see the emergence of Human Resource Management as a replacement term. The pitfalls that were once faced with the administrative outlook of the personnel management were being eliminated by extended the boundaries to generate a more strategic role within the organization. Hence, human resource planning became aligned and was getting integrated with the overall organizational strategy. HRM, according to Bratton and Gold (2003), is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical in achieving competitive advantage. Torrington et al (2005) describe human resource management as a philosophy that deals with the carrying out of organisational activities that are people oriented and that extends to those who are not employed in the organisation. Human resource management is now, in the English speaking world, the most extensively used term that describes the activities of the management in terms of employment relationship (Boxall and Purcell 2003). A significant number of changes took place around 1994 with relation to trade unions, organisational restructuring. There was also a rise in the atypical forms of employment. With respect to these changes Beardwell and Holden (1994) suggest that: Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exist between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself (p. 5). The human resource management can be looked at in the light of five aspects. First, the senior management considers the people problems at a more serious level. The overall delegation of responsibility lies with the line manager. Second, team work, communicating, and empowerment within employees is given a high level of importance. Third, employee development through the facilitation of training allows the employee to contribute more substantially to the organization. Fourth, every employee is considered as an individual. His or her needs are carefully assessed and emphasis is given to them. Lastly, the overall fit is considered to be around the greater strategic fit of the organization. 3. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT VERSUS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Personnel management is conventionally believed as having little focus over the business links that are broader in nature and it is believed that it concentrates more on the activities of the personnel professionals and also on the operational techniques within the organisation. Thus the function of it is seen as low administrative record keeping and maintenance of people. In contrast to this function, human resource management is considered to concentrate more on the business linkages and also in comparison to personnel management it is usually labelled as an established and good people management practice (Redman and Wilkinson 2006). Legge 1995 (in Beardwell and Claydon 2007: 9), lists out three significant points that show that human resource management differs from personnel management. First, HRM is concerned with the responsibility of the top managers for the management of the culture. Secondly, she states that personnel management appears to be something performed on subordin ates by managers rather than something that the latter experience themselves. Finally, she says that human resource management defines the role of the line- managers rather than personnel managers. She further argues that the three differences stated above emphasize on human resource management, in theory, of being more of a central strategic management task as compared to personnel management. Armstrong (2006) states that human resource management lays more emphasis on the strategic fit and integration and its philosophy is management and business oriented. He contrasts Human resource management from personnel management on the basis that achievement of commitment and the management of the organisation culture are given more emphasis by HRM than personnel management. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) each carefully differentiate personnel management and human resource management. The approaches considered by both also vary. Storey (1992) looks at the differences in light of the practical aspect; Guest (1987) draws more on the psychological aspects between the two. Points of difference between Personnel management and HRM as noted by Storey (1992) Dimension Personal Management HRM 1. Beliefs and assumptions Contract Behaviour Referent Conflict Careful delineation of written contracts Norms/ customs and practice. Institutionalized. Aim to go beyond contract. Values or mission. De emphasized. 2. Strategic aspects Key relations Initiatives Corporate plan Speed of action Labour management. Piecemeal. Marginal to. Slow. Customer. Integrated. Central to. Fast. 3. Line Management Management role Key managers Communication Standardization Transactional leadership. Personnel specialists. Indirect communication. High (e.g. parity an issue). Transformational leadership. General/business/line managers. Direct communication. Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant). 4. Key levers Selection Pay Job design Training and development Foci of attention for interventions Separate, marginal task. Job evaluation (fixed grades). Division of labour. Controlled access to courses. Personnel procedures. Integrated, key task. Performance related. Teamwork. Learning companies. Wide ranging cultural, structural and personnel strategies. TABLE: Difference between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Source: Storey, 1992: 35 In the table above, Storey (1992) lists possible differences that are present between personnel management and human resource management. These differences describe the strategic aspect of personnel management as labour management and of Human resource management as customer management. Conventional personnel management focuses more on rules and norms, customs of the organisation and the practices which have already been established, whereas the human resource management tends to be more inclined towards giving importance to the values and mission that are set for the organisation. The personnel management approach is particular about the establishment of policies and procedures within the organisation and it enforces conformity of employees to these rules through careful delineation of written contracts. In contrast to this aspect of personnel management, Human Resource Management tends to go by the spirit of the contract. The structure of job design followed by personnel management is division of labour i.e. different people are assigned to different areas of expertise, where as Human resource management involves teamwork in which a group of people are assigned to accomplish a goal. Points of difference between personnel management (PM) and human resource management (HRM) as noted by Guest (1987) Personnel Management Human Resource Management Psychological Contract Fair days work for a fair days pay Reciprocal commitment Locus of control External control Internal control Employee relations Pluralist approach Collective Low Trust Unitarist approach Individual High trust Organizing principles Mechanic Forma/defined roles Top down strategy Centralized Organic Flexible roles Bottom up strategy De-centralized Policy Goals Administrative efficiency Standard performance Cost minimization Adaptive work force Performance improvement Maximum utilization Table: Difference between personnel management and human resource management. Source: Guest, 1987 In the above table, Guest (1987) examines the main differences between personnel management and human resource management. Like Storey, Guest also analysis a number of segments of the organisation to draw the main differences between the two debated terms. The psychological contract, which is the mutual agreement reached between the employee and employer, was the first element of difference. While personnel management considered it as obligatory from both parties to remunerate according to work and vice-a-verse. The control in case of personnel management was an external entity while the human resource management stemmed from within. Another key factor was trust. Guest believes that the personnel management failed to generate employee trust which in the case of human resource management was the key. The mechanistic approach of personnel management meant a formal, top down and centralized approach to managing employees. Human resource management on the other hand is considered to be m ore flexible originating from employees and de-centralized. The overall aim of personnel management, according to Guest, looked at drawing the most bang from the buck while minimizing the cost. However the goals for human resource management have taken on a role of improving performance by adapting the workforce to maximize the output. Painting the overall scenario, the differences cited by Guest (1987) and Storey (1992) reflect the fact that there lie differences between personnel management and human resource management on both practical as well as psychological fronts. The overall difference in its application has been considered to draw a clearer understanding of the differences cited above. However, literature also considers a number of key similarities which underlie both aspects of employee management. 4. SIMILARITIES Strategies of both Personnel Management and Human resource management flow from the business strategy. Both have the view that managing people is the responsibility of the line managers. Soft HRM and Personnel management have identical values with regard to the respect of the individual, develop people to achieve and facilitate their own satisfaction and the organisational objectives to the maximum level (Armstrong, 2006). Poole (1999) notes that despite the differences stated there are a number of factors that provide for a number of clear similarities between human resource management and personnel management. Emphasis on integration: Poole (1999) notes that both these models emphasize on their integration with the overall organizational goals. Line management as the driver: He notes that once again human resource management and personnel management look to the line management to deploy the human resource practices and policies. Individual development: Poole (1999) considers the model of Personnel Management and contrasts it with the models of Human resource management and concludes that both state the significance of developing the individual employee to the level of his highest abilities within the organization. Also while considering work in this field he found similarities in context laid down regarding the dependent nature of the employees. Importance of selection and job allocation: Poole finds that the correct allocation of jobs to the appropriate people is an important factor in the integration with the organization. It is worth noting that the integration with the organization was the basic similarity between human resource management and personnel management. 5. RHETORIC OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Keenoy and Anthony (1992: 235) consider the relation between the employment relationship and human resource management as rhetoric and metaphors. HRM its self is shown in a positive light when words such as nurturing and organic are brought into the picture. However, other terms which described personnel management were reactive, monitoring and bureaucratic provided a negative connotation. In relation to the dominant emergence of HRM, Legge (1995) argued: The importance of HRM, and its apparent overshadowing of personnel management, lies just as much (and possibly more so) in its function as a rhetoric about how employees should be managed to achieve competitive advantage than a coherent new practice (p. xiv) Legge (in Storey 1995) further notes that there has been hype due to the existence, assumptions and epistemology of soft and hard models of HRM. This according to Bach and Sisson (2000) can be done to achieve a state of control over the workforce. The hard model of HRM deals with the employees in a less humanistic approach by referring to the more quantitative nature of reducing costs, managing head count and the overall need of the hour. While the soft model of HRM deals with the development of the employees and an overall well being of the employee. Bach and Sisson (2000) noted that the soft HRM camouflages the negative aspects of the hard HRM to paint a positive picture. In practice, both the elements of hard and soft HRM exist together and impacts the employee directly. Critiques of HRM such as Keenoy find that ambiguity in the term Human Resource Management is a remarkable feature in itself. (Beardwell and Claydon 2007) 6. CONCLUSION Human Resource Management has become the most widely used term which refer to the activities of the management of the organization towards its employees. There are a number of debates surrounding the meaning, definition and scope of HRM and personnel management. Some critics find a number of similarities between the two while others find significant contrasts between the two. Legge (1995) sets forward the view that there is no major difference between the principles and values of the two but Storey (1992) found a number of aspects that differentiate the two. To summarise, personnel management is widely observed as having an operational schematic to people management with the aim at achieving efficiency within the norms of providing justice to the employees work. From the literature, conclusions can be drawn that the difficulty faced by personnel management in obtaining credibility in the eyes of the employees paved the way for the rise of Human Resource Management. The concern about the difference between personnel management and the extent to which HRM represented a positive or negative phase in peoples management gave rise to the debate relating to the differences and similarities of HRM and conventional Personnel Management. In summary, it can be noted from the literature that the inevitable evolution of personnel management was fuelled by the lack of trust with employees and gave rise to the emergence of Human Resource Management. The hard and soft models of Human Resource Management lay evidence to this evolution by displaying characteristics of the more mechanistic aspects of personnel management.