Organizational Analysis and Change Project Research Proposal

Organizational Analysis and Change Project - Research Proposal Example (Aaker, 1991) When message relevance is low, individuals will not actively process the information in the advertisement, but will instead rely on peripheral message cues to form or change attitudes. Brand Identity is that element of customer perception and awareness which has its focus in the results of a certain kind of projection through the brand equity building measures. This calls for an integrative model which will combine the basic elements of the brand identity and brand equity concepts so as to create a platform for the effective discussion of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. This has been of special relevance for the Coca Cola company as far as its foray into target market and product variation is concerned. (Kotler, 1997) The modern day organisation depends to a great extent on the contribution and quality of its human capital. The human capital may be defined as that element of the organisation's operational sphere that is a living, breathing part of the activities that put the innate resources and factors of production into application. This application results in profits arising out of the activities of the human capital and the efficiency with which this resource carries out its tasks. This in turn, has a bearing on the achievement of the organisation's goals. (Johnson, 1996. P 13 to 18) Business Partner The first role of the human resource in today's organisation is that of a business partner. This has come to the fore with the emergence of various service oriented companies that provide intensive marketing services along with the products that are being produced. The emergence of a marketing network has been crucial to companies like Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance, Oriflame Cosmetics and many others. (Green, 2002. P 111) The business partner method operates along the following lines, as depicted in the diagram below: Branch Manager ' Sales Team Manager ' Team of Business Partners (Sales Agent) (Green, 2002) These business partners work independently from home or under the name of their own business in order to cater to people exclusively and bring the products and services of the company to the doorstep of the independent clients. The role of these business partners is to bring business to the company by exploring their personal networks so as to earn commissions on the sales that they make. This is a formal level of institutionalised operations where the organisation profits greatly. This is done by pushing the product in quarters where the effects of regular marketing and promotion cannot reach. It is also an elevated level of salesman ship where the sales agents are offered a share in the business that they make. The advantage of this is that the business partners take a personal interest in the development of a clientele. (Green, 2002. P 111) Further, this serves the two fold purpose of sales and promotion. While there might not be immediate sales in some cases,

Respose to He-y, Come on Ou-t! by Shinichi Hoshi Essay Example for Free

Respose to He-y, Come on Ou-t! by Shinichi Hoshi Essay What would a life be without sunshine or moonlight, without the sound of the wind rushing through the trees, the smell of crisp autumn air, or without the feel of dewy grass brushing our feet? Our environment gives us a source of peace, happiness and relaxation. But what about a life filled with ringing cell phones, angry bosses, tight deadlines and traffic jams? Living with these aggravations causes us stress, anger and chaos, but what are the benefits? Oh, but of course! How could I forget about money! People will go to any lengths for prosperity, even as far as destroying our precious environment. Shinichi Hoshi demonstrates this mania in his short story He-y, Come on Ou-t!. Upon the discovery of the infinite hole, we are first introduced to mans willingness to sacrifice the Earths well-being. A concessionaire claims the hole with a profitable plot in mind and launches a vigorous campaign. Weve got a fabulously deep hole! Scientists say its at least five thousand meters deep! Perfect for the disposal of such things as waste from nuclear reactors! (154), he chanted. Since its not environmentally safe to dispose of nuclear waste above ground, it must be perfectly harmless to put it in ground, right? Id hoped that the villagers would object to this ridiculous arrangement, and they did. They balked at the idea until it was explained that there would be absolutely no above-ground contamination for several thousand years and that they would share in the profits. Into the bargain, a magnificent road was built from the city to the village (154). I am sadly disappointed in you, villagers. You are all in the mindset of Oh, it wont affect us for awhile, plus were getting money and a new road! What could be wrong with that? Has it not occurred to you that even though you are benefiting from this proposal, that it might be causing harm elsewhere, in serious areas such as the environment? Of course not! As human beings we dislike thinking about the eventual consequences (155) and are extremely ambitious, therefore being much too preoccupied with our thoughts of success and growth. Our society has become so preoccupied with visions of wealth and expansion that weve failed to notice the state of our weakening environment. We are concentrating solely on producing one thing after another (155), no matter  the price the Earth is forced to pay. I have a hard time to believe that such an intelligent species could be so horribly ignorant about such a matter. Although some are aware of the way we are wrecking havoc against our planet, so little being done to protect our earth. We all need to realize that all of our selfish and inconsiderate deeds that we are pressing upon our planet will be back to haunt us. We are sitting in the drivers seat, chattering away on our cell phones, too engrossed to spot the danger. In the blink of an eye we see the impending collision, but its too late. We are all so absorbed with dollar signs that we cant appreciate Mother Earths true value. The man, however, was gazing in idle reverie at the citys skyline growing ever more beautiful, and he failed to notice (155).

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management

Critically Contrasting Personnel Management and Human Resource Management 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades with the onset of the industrial revolution, the work place has seen a change in stance with respect to its people working in organizations. The key theme resonates around the ever increasing importance being given to the employees or the human resource. It started with what theorists referred to as personnel management. Some theorists believe that personnel management evolved in to what is now called human resource management while others draw significant strategic and operational differences between them (Torrington et al. 2005). The basic difference that the researchers find between these two is their area of focus within the organisation. Personnel management looks primarily into administrative aspects of the organisation while, Human resource management, on the other hand, looks after developing, retaining and growing the human aspect the organisation. In most organisations today we see a growing importance given to this function at strategic levels. In this essay, the theory that exists for personnel management and human resource management will be critically contrasted and analysed to come to a conclusion in the debate mentioned in the previous paragraph. A number of theorists look at each of these as independent elements as well as relational elements and this essay explains the establishment of the context of each of the elements i.e. personnel management and human resource management, the change or the perceived transformation of personnel management to human resource management and drawing differences and similarities found in the existing literature to conclusively define whether there is a difference between the two or is Human Resource Management a term which is purely an evolution of personnel management. 2. THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT There has been a significant amount of literature that has been critical of personnel management of being low on organisational status in the recent years. The perception is widely held that the function of personnel management is limited in a reactive and administrative position and fails to hold relevance to the aims of the organisation. To elucidate this perception it should function at a strategic level (Lundy, 1994). Authors such as Drucker (1968), Watson (1977), Legge (1978) and Rowland and Summers (1981) relate personnel management to an administrative role. This could include payroll, maintaining practices with respect to regulation and other such activities. Torrington and Hall (1987) noted that personnel management looks towards the line manager for the as a key driver for the integration to the overall organizational goals. However the lack of strategic direction sometimes causes a conflict with the overall role of the manager which is more strategic in nature. Lundy (1994 ) noted that the establishment of the trade unions in UK along with the subsequent welfare movement that began with the onset of the industrial revolution in the early 19th century became the underlying cause of this conflict. Trade unions meant the workers were represented, were informed and could now demand and fight for their rights while line managers and governments considered labour as commodity. This lack of strategic composition in personnel management began to see the emergence of Human Resource Management as a replacement term. The pitfalls that were once faced with the administrative outlook of the personnel management were being eliminated by extended the boundaries to generate a more strategic role within the organization. Hence, human resource planning became aligned and was getting integrated with the overall organizational strategy. HRM, according to Bratton and Gold (2003), is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging peoples capabilities is critical in achieving competitive advantage. Torrington et al (2005) describe human resource management as a philosophy that deals with the carrying out of organisational activities that are people oriented and that extends to those who are not employed in the organisation. Human resource management is now, in the English speaking world, the most extensively used term that describes the activities of the management in terms of employment relationship (Boxall and Purcell 2003). A significant number of changes took place around 1994 with relation to trade unions, organisational restructuring. There was also a rise in the atypical forms of employment. With respect to these changes Beardwell and Holden (1994) suggest that: Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exist between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself (p. 5). The human resource management can be looked at in the light of five aspects. First, the senior management considers the people problems at a more serious level. The overall delegation of responsibility lies with the line manager. Second, team work, communicating, and empowerment within employees is given a high level of importance. Third, employee development through the facilitation of training allows the employee to contribute more substantially to the organization. Fourth, every employee is considered as an individual. His or her needs are carefully assessed and emphasis is given to them. Lastly, the overall fit is considered to be around the greater strategic fit of the organization. 3. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT VERSUS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Personnel management is conventionally believed as having little focus over the business links that are broader in nature and it is believed that it concentrates more on the activities of the personnel professionals and also on the operational techniques within the organisation. Thus the function of it is seen as low administrative record keeping and maintenance of people. In contrast to this function, human resource management is considered to concentrate more on the business linkages and also in comparison to personnel management it is usually labelled as an established and good people management practice (Redman and Wilkinson 2006). Legge 1995 (in Beardwell and Claydon 2007: 9), lists out three significant points that show that human resource management differs from personnel management. First, HRM is concerned with the responsibility of the top managers for the management of the culture. Secondly, she states that personnel management appears to be something performed on subordin ates by managers rather than something that the latter experience themselves. Finally, she says that human resource management defines the role of the line- managers rather than personnel managers. She further argues that the three differences stated above emphasize on human resource management, in theory, of being more of a central strategic management task as compared to personnel management. Armstrong (2006) states that human resource management lays more emphasis on the strategic fit and integration and its philosophy is management and business oriented. He contrasts Human resource management from personnel management on the basis that achievement of commitment and the management of the organisation culture are given more emphasis by HRM than personnel management. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) each carefully differentiate personnel management and human resource management. The approaches considered by both also vary. Storey (1992) looks at the differences in light of the practical aspect; Guest (1987) draws more on the psychological aspects between the two. Points of difference between Personnel management and HRM as noted by Storey (1992) Dimension Personal Management HRM 1. Beliefs and assumptions Contract Behaviour Referent Conflict Careful delineation of written contracts Norms/ customs and practice. Institutionalized. Aim to go beyond contract. Values or mission. De emphasized. 2. Strategic aspects Key relations Initiatives Corporate plan Speed of action Labour management. Piecemeal. Marginal to. Slow. Customer. Integrated. Central to. Fast. 3. Line Management Management role Key managers Communication Standardization Transactional leadership. Personnel specialists. Indirect communication. High (e.g. parity an issue). Transformational leadership. General/business/line managers. Direct communication. Low (e.g. parity not seen as relevant). 4. Key levers Selection Pay Job design Training and development Foci of attention for interventions Separate, marginal task. Job evaluation (fixed grades). Division of labour. Controlled access to courses. Personnel procedures. Integrated, key task. Performance related. Teamwork. Learning companies. Wide ranging cultural, structural and personnel strategies. TABLE: Difference between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Source: Storey, 1992: 35 In the table above, Storey (1992) lists possible differences that are present between personnel management and human resource management. These differences describe the strategic aspect of personnel management as labour management and of Human resource management as customer management. Conventional personnel management focuses more on rules and norms, customs of the organisation and the practices which have already been established, whereas the human resource management tends to be more inclined towards giving importance to the values and mission that are set for the organisation. The personnel management approach is particular about the establishment of policies and procedures within the organisation and it enforces conformity of employees to these rules through careful delineation of written contracts. In contrast to this aspect of personnel management, Human Resource Management tends to go by the spirit of the contract. The structure of job design followed by personnel management is division of labour i.e. different people are assigned to different areas of expertise, where as Human resource management involves teamwork in which a group of people are assigned to accomplish a goal. Points of difference between personnel management (PM) and human resource management (HRM) as noted by Guest (1987) Personnel Management Human Resource Management Psychological Contract Fair days work for a fair days pay Reciprocal commitment Locus of control External control Internal control Employee relations Pluralist approach Collective Low Trust Unitarist approach Individual High trust Organizing principles Mechanic Forma/defined roles Top down strategy Centralized Organic Flexible roles Bottom up strategy De-centralized Policy Goals Administrative efficiency Standard performance Cost minimization Adaptive work force Performance improvement Maximum utilization Table: Difference between personnel management and human resource management. Source: Guest, 1987 In the above table, Guest (1987) examines the main differences between personnel management and human resource management. Like Storey, Guest also analysis a number of segments of the organisation to draw the main differences between the two debated terms. The psychological contract, which is the mutual agreement reached between the employee and employer, was the first element of difference. While personnel management considered it as obligatory from both parties to remunerate according to work and vice-a-verse. The control in case of personnel management was an external entity while the human resource management stemmed from within. Another key factor was trust. Guest believes that the personnel management failed to generate employee trust which in the case of human resource management was the key. The mechanistic approach of personnel management meant a formal, top down and centralized approach to managing employees. Human resource management on the other hand is considered to be m ore flexible originating from employees and de-centralized. The overall aim of personnel management, according to Guest, looked at drawing the most bang from the buck while minimizing the cost. However the goals for human resource management have taken on a role of improving performance by adapting the workforce to maximize the output. Painting the overall scenario, the differences cited by Guest (1987) and Storey (1992) reflect the fact that there lie differences between personnel management and human resource management on both practical as well as psychological fronts. The overall difference in its application has been considered to draw a clearer understanding of the differences cited above. However, literature also considers a number of key similarities which underlie both aspects of employee management. 4. SIMILARITIES Strategies of both Personnel Management and Human resource management flow from the business strategy. Both have the view that managing people is the responsibility of the line managers. Soft HRM and Personnel management have identical values with regard to the respect of the individual, develop people to achieve and facilitate their own satisfaction and the organisational objectives to the maximum level (Armstrong, 2006). Poole (1999) notes that despite the differences stated there are a number of factors that provide for a number of clear similarities between human resource management and personnel management. Emphasis on integration: Poole (1999) notes that both these models emphasize on their integration with the overall organizational goals. Line management as the driver: He notes that once again human resource management and personnel management look to the line management to deploy the human resource practices and policies. Individual development: Poole (1999) considers the model of Personnel Management and contrasts it with the models of Human resource management and concludes that both state the significance of developing the individual employee to the level of his highest abilities within the organization. Also while considering work in this field he found similarities in context laid down regarding the dependent nature of the employees. Importance of selection and job allocation: Poole finds that the correct allocation of jobs to the appropriate people is an important factor in the integration with the organization. It is worth noting that the integration with the organization was the basic similarity between human resource management and personnel management. 5. RHETORIC OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Keenoy and Anthony (1992: 235) consider the relation between the employment relationship and human resource management as rhetoric and metaphors. HRM its self is shown in a positive light when words such as nurturing and organic are brought into the picture. However, other terms which described personnel management were reactive, monitoring and bureaucratic provided a negative connotation. In relation to the dominant emergence of HRM, Legge (1995) argued: The importance of HRM, and its apparent overshadowing of personnel management, lies just as much (and possibly more so) in its function as a rhetoric about how employees should be managed to achieve competitive advantage than a coherent new practice (p. xiv) Legge (in Storey 1995) further notes that there has been hype due to the existence, assumptions and epistemology of soft and hard models of HRM. This according to Bach and Sisson (2000) can be done to achieve a state of control over the workforce. The hard model of HRM deals with the employees in a less humanistic approach by referring to the more quantitative nature of reducing costs, managing head count and the overall need of the hour. While the soft model of HRM deals with the development of the employees and an overall well being of the employee. Bach and Sisson (2000) noted that the soft HRM camouflages the negative aspects of the hard HRM to paint a positive picture. In practice, both the elements of hard and soft HRM exist together and impacts the employee directly. Critiques of HRM such as Keenoy find that ambiguity in the term Human Resource Management is a remarkable feature in itself. (Beardwell and Claydon 2007) 6. CONCLUSION Human Resource Management has become the most widely used term which refer to the activities of the management of the organization towards its employees. There are a number of debates surrounding the meaning, definition and scope of HRM and personnel management. Some critics find a number of similarities between the two while others find significant contrasts between the two. Legge (1995) sets forward the view that there is no major difference between the principles and values of the two but Storey (1992) found a number of aspects that differentiate the two. To summarise, personnel management is widely observed as having an operational schematic to people management with the aim at achieving efficiency within the norms of providing justice to the employees work. From the literature, conclusions can be drawn that the difficulty faced by personnel management in obtaining credibility in the eyes of the employees paved the way for the rise of Human Resource Management. The concern about the difference between personnel management and the extent to which HRM represented a positive or negative phase in peoples management gave rise to the debate relating to the differences and similarities of HRM and conventional Personnel Management. In summary, it can be noted from the literature that the inevitable evolution of personnel management was fuelled by the lack of trust with employees and gave rise to the emergence of Human Resource Management. The hard and soft models of Human Resource Management lay evidence to this evolution by displaying characteristics of the more mechanistic aspects of personnel management.

Henry ford :: essays research papers

THE LIFE OF HENRY FORD Henry ford was born July 30, 1863. He was the first child out of six born to William and Mary Ford. He grew up on a big farm in Dearborn, Michigan. He went to school in a one room building and did many chores every day after he got home. He did not like farm chores. He did like to work on mechanical things. When he was 16, he left home to move to Detroit. He got a job there working on machinery. Three years later he went back home and began to work on repairing steam engines. In 1888, he married Clara and ran a sawmill to make money. In 1891, Henry Ford began working for Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. He was promoted to Chief Engineer in 1893. He began to experiment on internal combustion engines on his own time at home. In 1896, he built his own vehicle that moved on its own called the Quadricycle. He was not the first to make a machine that ran on gasoline by itself. In 1903, the Ford Motor Company was created. He became the Vice President and the Chief Engineer of the corporation. There were other people who helped run the business and give money to it. The company only made a few cars a day. In 1908, he made the Model T. It was reliable and did not cost a lot. It was easy to drive and handle on rough roads. It was a huge success. By 1918, almost half of all the cars in America were Model T’s. In 1910, in Highland, Michigan, Mr. Ford built another plant to make a lot more of these cars. In 1913, he created the first true

Homework: harmful or helpful Essay

Homework is a way of life for many students in public or private schools, from kindergarten to graduation. Often students are overwhelmed with the pressures of school, each night students are required to do homework after completing school each day. Is there a reason or need for students to come home from 7 hours of school and then have hours of homework . Is it essential that students have homework, are they gaining anything by practicing the skills they learned at school. Or are students harmed by the negative effects that homework often comes with. Should homework be restricted or should it continue to be unmonitored and exceed the limits of students in school. Homework’s negative effects far outweigh any of the positive aspects because homework often is busy work that does not seem to improve students learning, an extra unneeded stress which leads students to have little free time. Since the late 19th century homework has been a subject of debate. Although at the time stud ents were only asked to do small memorization tasks such as memorizing vocabulary and math equations, it was still a topic of debate. By the end of the 19th century the progressive education movement began. In the early 20th century many influential individuals and parents group reached out against homework. With the pressure of opposing views from organizations such as the Parent-Teacher Association ( PTA) forced some U.S school districts to limit or even ban homework assignments. For instance, in 1901 California lawmakers abolished homework in elementary and middle schools. With progressive education movement peaking during the 1920s and 30s, there were even move people branching out against homework. Even the American Child Health Association joined the campaign against homework, saying that homework was a leading cause of tuberculosis and heart disease for U.S children. However, in the 1940s homework gradually returned to U.S schools with many supporters. Causing high school students on average in 1948 to have three to four hours of homework a night. Even to present day in 2006 a study in a public high school i n Needham, Massachusetts shows that one out of five students spend four hours or more a night on homework. For most students homework is consider to be a little more than busy work, often students feel the work that they are doing is unnecessary. Students receive so much homework that they are not getting anything out of it. This causes students to focus more on getting the work done, then learning anything from the activity. It is  unfair to expect students to do their best when they have more homework than the time they need to complete the work. Homework assignments tend to lack academic value leading students to simply get the homework done as soon as they can. With the burden of homework every night, reading and writing becomes a chore just as cleaning the dishes would be. Large amounts of homework stifle motivation, holt creatively and diminish a child’s love for discovering and learning new things. By the time graduation time comes students will have had 13 years of doing homework, not including if the student goes on to pursue college. Given if the average elementary stud ent spends one to two hours of homework a night, the average middle school student sends two to three hours of homework a night and the average high school student spends three to four hours on homework a night. Students spend an average of 1,080 to 1,620 hours on homework before graduation if the student only completed homework Monday thru Friday. Causing homework to take up most of students free-time. Students have virtually no time to pursue outside interests, activities such as eating dinner with family, talking with friends and family and developing interests is what can ensure children are happy. Students are trapped with homework that they often cannot do other activities because they often feel pressure to get everything done. This leads students to feel stressed to complete everything they need to. It is actually unhealthy for students to have several hours of homework after coming home from hours of school. In 2007 the American Academy of Pediatrics said that obesity and depression from stress was on the rise due to too much work. What is the point of all this stress from work if there is no known correlation between time spent on homework and academic performance. Research conducted by two professors at Penn State University found that students in countries in which schools assign little to no homework such as Japan, tend to do better on standardized tests. Students receive too much homework to be able to take any real value away from learning. Advocates of homework say that students need to continue their education outside the classroom and to do this homework should be given. This teaches the student the only way you can learn is if you are given a activity to do for homework. What about adults and people who do not have â€Å"homework† does this mean that they can not learn. Students will learn new things everyday even if they do not have homework. Students will  be able to explore and learn in a new creative way off a paper and pencil. Although, homework does teach time management, it stresses students too much. While trying to juggle lots of activities,school and homework students learn time management but it is not effective or helpful because students are too stressed. Plus, there are many less stress ways that can teach students time management. Proponents also state that the U.S is falling behind other countries in academics therefore students need more homework to catch u. Which is true American 15 year olds ranked 23rd out of 40 countries in science and 29th in math comprehension. All this is completely true, but many countries academically ahead of the U.S assign less homework than the U.S does know so how does adding more homework make sense. Should students continue to receive homework that is hurting them in more ways than one. The debate for homework will never end, there is always two sides of any story. While it is unlikely any legislative acts will be placed on homework small changes starting in schools could likely happen. What is the real need for homework, what is the benefits to homework? Does it really matter if students continue to feel no benefits and have stress from homework. Should we, without changing, continue down the path of hours of homework a night even if there are clearly negative effects. What if we never changed anything would there be lights, cars, computers, cell phones or anything. People do not want to lessen homework for students which can lead to bad health, but would people not want to lessen the number cars or lights even though can be bad for the environment.

Best Teacher Essay

I was the kind of child that always struggled to pay attention in school. I never wanted to be in class, except to visit with my friends. At times I wanted to drop out of school. I always felt like school was a big waste of time. Until I met a teacher named Mrs. Meyers at Kent Mountain View Academy. Mrs. Meyers is a teacher that is the most influential person in the world, (but the world doesn’t know it yet), I really admire her because she always encouraged me to go to class and treat other teachers and students with respect, and to try my best. If I ever needed any extra help in homework; she was there, it didn’t matter which subject it was. She always told me that I was very smart and to never to doubt myself. Mrs. Meyers is easy to talk to, I could just tell her anything because she’s very honest and talks to me (or anyone for that matter) openly about anything in life. She was always ready to listen to me when I was feeling down. With her comfort and warm words I always felt better and important. When I needed some advice, she was there for me. She is my friend, my mentor and like a mother. Mrs. Meyers has a great passion and love to teach children. She has so much patience to sit down with them and explain the work to them. She never makes the school work boring; she always made it fun and exciting and easier to learn. She always did it with a smile on her face, even when she wasn’t feeling well. If I had one hour to spend with Mrs. Meyers, I would ask her what influenced her passion for teaching children, how did her life experiences influence her to be a teacher, and many other questions relatable to that. I would ask these questions because she’s a great person, and who doesn’t want to know about a great person? I hope one day I could feel that same passion, care and love that she has of teaching and helping children like the way she help me. She completely changed my life around and made me a different person the one I am today. Mrs. Meyers was the one person who influenced me the most and to whom I am very thankful because she gave me the inspiration to become a teacher or at least strive to do my best at whatever job I choose. I am very glad that I met her and I think that without her I would never do as well as I do in school. Or in life for that matter.

Development f the Atomic Bomb essays

Development f the Atomic Bomb essays In the 1930s, some scientists theorized that bombarding an atom's nucleus with a neutron from another atom would cause the first atom to split in two. The splitting atom would release another neutron, which would then strike a neighboring atom, causing it to split, and so on. It was thought that each splitting atom would release a tiny spark of energy. In a nuclear chain reaction, trillions of atoms would split in less than a millionth of a second, thereby giving forth an awesome burst of power. This process of deriving energy through a chain reaction is called nuclear fission. One of the leading scientists interested in nuclear fission was Leo Szilard. The gifted physicist was born in Hungary and educated at German universities. While visiting London in 1933, Szilard was struck with a monumental idea: "What if he could find an element that would emit two neutrons each time it was bombarded by one neutron? He later wrote, "Such an element could surly sustain a nuclear chain reaction. While Szilard worked to advance his idea, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party took over Germany. Under Hitler's control, Germany started building tanks, military airplanes, and bombs. At the time, German scientists led the world in nuclear physics. Szilard feared that the Nazis could develop an atomic bomb and become powerful enough to rule the world. Sensing that war would break out in Europe, Szilard moved to the United States in 1938. Shortly after he moved, German scientists shocked the world by announcing that they had split uranium atoms by bombarding them with neutrons. For the first time in history, the atom had been smashed through man-made means. One day in July 1939, Szilard and Edward Teller, another Hungarian born physicist who studied in Germany, went to the home of Albert Einstein. They told Einstein that they believed Germany would soon be able to make an atom bomb. Szilard and Teller felt that that a scientist as famous as Einstein c...

The eNotes Blog Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird Top QA fromStudents

Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird Top QA fromStudents It may just be impossible to consider classic American literature without delving into the story of  To Kill a Mockingbird. Written by Harper Lee and published in 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird remains one of the most well-known and impactful works of literature within the last century, and arguably on a more historical level as well.  The novel tackles the realities of racial inequalities, gender roles, and class-based hierarchies as they existed in the 1930s, particularly in the  American  Deep South. Harper Lee was raised in the small town of Monroeville, Alabama and grew up experiencing life as it appears in her  novel. Her father was even a lawyer who may have provided  a great deal of inspiration for the character Atticus; in his day, Lees father  worked  to  defend two black men accused of the murder of a white store clerk. To Kill a Mockingbird became an immediate success, winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1961 after being published only a year prior in 1960. Despite this work being Lees only published novel, the author was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her literary contribution in  2007. All of this success certainly came as a surprise to Lee, who was quoted in 1964 as saying, I never expected any sort of success with  Mockingbird. I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I had expected. For her contribution to literature and the awareness she provoked of issues of race and class, its safe to say that the attention Lee and her novel received was (and is) more than deserved. To aid in the understanding of this timeless  novel, weve put together this cohesive  To Kill a Mockingbird guidebook. Read on to learn some more in-depth information about this piece of literature. What is  To Kill a Mockingbird even  about? The title is a little misleading; there have been countless jokes about the confusion of readers believing they had found themselves a guide for the killing of mockingbirds (which is actually quite sad- mockingbirds are fabulous). Regardless, its pretty obvious that this story has very little to do with birds and more to do with handling issues of  race, religion, society, justice, and education. To Kill a Mockingbird follows two main plots, one focusing on the lives of two children discovering the identity of a reclusive neighbor, and the other the trial of an African American man named Tom Robinson. Both of these themes directly speak to the coming of age of the two kids as well as provide a depiction of true societal values during this time period. Whos the hero? Weve grown  accustomed to the idea that the supposed hero of a novel is the protagonist, i.e. the main character. In  To Kill a Mockingbird, that would be Scout, as the story is narrated from  her point of view as an adult looking back on her experiences. But this is an interesting novel in more ways than one: it becomes arguable that Scout is not actually the hero of this novel, but rather something of a bystander, watching the action unfold and experiencing the story much as we, the readers, do. Instead, we can look to two other characters as our heroes, Atticus Finch and Boo Radley. Atticus is perhaps the more obvious choice. Hes possibly the most famous character of the story- the strong father figure, beloved by his children and a voice for societys underrepresented. These descriptors are absolutely true, and it is hard to deny that Atticus is a hero in this novel. But we cant ignore the primarily faceless Boo Radley. For the majority of  To Kill a Mockingbird, the man exists only in  rumors, and negative rumors at that. But he helps Scout and Jem, leaving them gifts and trinkets, and even eventually saving their lives. Boo, through his transformation as a character, is able to teach the children the difference between rumor and truth, and thereby helps them mature and grow. Lets consider a motif To put it very simply, a motif is a theme, in other words, an element that is recurring or repeated throughout a story. A motif can be just about anything, be it an image, a color, an object, or even a concept, so long as it is seen with some frequency and holds importance within a work. It would be wrong to say that  To Kill a Mockingbird  has only one motif, but there are certainly some more prevalent than others, and perhaps none more so than the ongoing appearance of darkness. Throughout the novel, darkness encompasses much of the story. Places like the courthouse, the jail, and the Radley house are all described as dark spaces, ambiguous characters such as Boo Radley are depicted as dark and scary, and it likely isnt coincidental that much of the storys action occurs in the darkness of night. But is that the overall theme? With any work, it can be difficult to isolate a theme, particularly an overarching and constantly prevalent one that applies to all characters all the time. But that doesnt mean it cant be done. In  To Kill a Mockingbird the universal theme is  coming of age.  More often than not, universal themes have something to do with overcoming an obstacle or conflict- in the case of Lees novel, there are two main conflicts that must be overcome, and for Scout, these conflicts and her understanding of them have much to do with her growth as a person and learning about the real world as an adult. What can we learn from  To Kill a Mockingbird? Anyone with even a slight familiarity with the story knows that this novel deals with some pretty difficult topics, such as racism, which still exists as a social problem even in todays society. On this topic alone,  To Kill a Mockingbird offers readers the perspective of  racial injustice before the law. Readers see two men wrongfully convicted of violent crimes they did not commit, based on the color of their skin. Atticus also serves as a figure that readers can learn from. As a character, not only is Atticus a respectable father, but he also serves as inspiration to the reader as well as his children in terms of behaving with courage, tolerance, and justice- including to those different from yourself. What are some important quotes from  To Kill a Mockingbird? Like many great novels, this book is chock full of lines that highlight and articulate the more important aspects of the story.  Click here to go to a list of eight of the most important quotes from  To Kill a Mockingbird. Why is this book so heavily recommended even 50+ years post publication? Well, the short answer would be that there are many important themes tackled in  To Kill a Mockingbird that are still relevant to  todays society, such as racism, racial injustice, wage gaps, gender roles, etc. Yes, its true that this novel was published more than half a century ago, but with so many of the same social problems existing today as they did then, it seems we still have a lot to learn, and Lees novel may be a good place to start. On a slightly less depressing note,  To Kill a Mockingbird can be recommended simply because it is an amazing novel and a representation of great writing. They say (and we at agree) that the best way to learn to write is through reading- and theres a lot any aspiring writer could learn from emulating Lees style.

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy There are hundreds if not thousands of students in any given school. The sheer size and magnitude of the student population encompassed in these schools leads to complications of school safety. Zero tolerance is a policy which was brought about enforcing school safety more firmly, and aimed to better protect students. However, the way in which these students are protected is highly debatable, making the zero tolerance ideology very controversial. Exactly which approach is most effective in protecting a student, let alone, thousands? Is strictness more effective than leniency? Overly strict policies aim to protect the majority, however, severally punish those who have to deal with the wrath of zero tolerance, those who violate the rules. Overly lenient policies can lead to dreadful events, however, give students a sense of reason, in turn creating an understanding of what they have done wrong. In the long run which method is most effective in protecting students? These type of questi ons, along with the excess amount of questionable cases, compose a highly controversial topic. The well being of a student is the single most important factor for public schools. No parent would ever send their child to school if there was a high probability of violence. For this reason there are people who favor zero tolerance. Domoine D. Rutledge, general counsel for the East Baton Rouge Parish School System in Louisiana, reports that zero tolerance policies have aided in creating a culture inside schools that â€Å"certain things will not be tolerated, period.† However, whether or not that policy is effective relies on â€Å"how fairly it’s enforced and how consistently it’s enforced.† He continues saying that: Schools districts have had to really balance the interest of the whole school, the student body, teachers and faculty . . . as well as the rights of individual bad actors. The ability to strike that balance, and to do it fairly, more than likely influences the effectiveness of the zero-tolerance policies. Whether or not zero tolerance is effective brings about more argumentative material. Statistical data reports a significant drop in school homicides following the 1999 school shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado strongly suggesting, as Rutledge advocates, zero tolerance has in fact led to safer schools for students. (nces.ed.gov) Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, stated that, â€Å"The arrest of a pair of New Jersey 8-year-olds for pointing paper guns at classmates was just the kind of episode that leads people to question zero-tolerance policies.† (Billitteri) Statements such as those insinuate a basis of anti-zero tolerance and further complicate the controversy. However it must be noted that, â€Å"It’s not so easy to distinguish the prankster from the wild-eyed adolescent with a [lethal] plan when lives are at sta ke,† Hymowitz says. (Billitteri) How is one supposed to know the intentions of a giving situation? While the general consensus will no doubtingly agree that a pair of 8-year-olds pose little to no threat, on the slight chance of an event occurring, the questions of â€Å"why weren’t they stopped† or â€Å"how could you assume† will undeniably be asked, and in this sense, it is without a doubt better to assume the ugly and end up being wrong, than to assume no harm and end up with fatal consequences’. Hymowitz continues, stating that, â€Å"Zero tolerance may be more symptom than cure for the uneasy disciplinary climate of our schools. Certainly it’s no final answer to out-of-control 5-year-olds or revenge-crazed teenagers. But as the threats continue and the bombs and guns appear, it’s all we’ve got.† (Billitteri) Bringing back the topic of effectiveness, those with the â€Å"get-tough† attitude witness no proof of zero tolerance policies creating a safer environment in schools. In fact, a decade of research on such policies by the American Psychological Association have concluded that zero tolerance â€Å"can actually increase bad behavior and also lead to higher dropout rates.† â€Å"Schools are not any safer or more effective in disciplining children than before these zero-tolerance policies were implemented,† the association said. (APA) There is much debate surrounding zero tolerance, however, the real problems arise when zero tolerance is set in motion.

Marketing Plan of Skyvision Airlines Research Paper

Marketing Plan of Skyvision Airlines - Research Paper Example As part of business expansion, the Skyvision Airline is planning to enter full service airline operations. As the company is a key player in the industry, it has wider access to a range of potential resources including human and finance and this capability would be assistable for the organization to deal with business expansion activities. In addition, the company has an expert team of aircraft technicians and engineers, and therefore designing full service airlines may not be a difficult task for the firm. The Skyvision Airlines offers additional services including rent a car, hotel accommodation, and other amenities that can be booked online through the company’s website. Executive summary of marketing plan As the company focuses on a full service airline, high income groups would be the main target segments since low and middle class people may depend on low-fare discount carriers. The company will target customers on the basis of their tastes and specifications. Big players in the US airlines industry including Southwest Airlines and JetBlue Airlines are identified to be the potential competitors to Skyvision Airlines. In addition, the increased pressures from lower cost competitors may also raise serious threats to the company. While analyzing the services offered by the company, it seems that the firm has a range of potential advantages over its competitors. Like the most full service airlines, the Skyvision Airlines also operates aircrafts with cabins that have different three classes of services. The company management has budgeted one billion for this service plan implementation. However, the management is willing to raise additional finance if it becomes necessary. The Skyvision Airlines offers its services in economically as well as technologically developed regions to attract more urban customers. The company has a large number of flight services to industrially developing countries like India and China where thousands of people travel by air every day. As the company offers the full service airlines for the first time, it will charge a relatively lower price at initial stages. Stiff competition from low cost competitors also pressurizes the company to reduce its fare margins. The management has decided to raise its price margins once customers are attracted by its service quality. Description of the target market The company mainly plans to focus rich businessmen, business executives, high salaried employees, and other famous personalities including athletes and individuals from film industry. However, the organization will not ignore other classes of people completely as it also provides ordinary cabins. Nowadays women represent nearly fifty percent of nation’s employment sector and therefore it is necessary to target women and men with equal importance. According to IBM, family customers often choose full service airlines as they give first priority to privacy factor; hence, the company will give great emphasis on family customers while framing its promotional strategies. Skyvision Airlines will focus more on people under the age 55, because most of the old aged people are dependent on their younger family members. The firm intends to specifically target businessmen and other famous personalities since they would use airlines services frequently and continue to be the company’

Answer question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Answer question - Assignment Example Expected Costs: Sarah handles payroll functions, travelling to both offices once per week,70 miles round-trip to Sedona,190 miles round-trip to Prescott. Her SUV gets 17 mpg, the cost of gas on average is $ 3.40 per gallon. Expected cost per week therefore is: $ 3.40 multiplied by 17 mpg of her SUV= $57.8. Incase Sarah maintains her job, DSS will reduce her approximately 5 hours per payroll period, reducing her daycare cost to $ 200 monthly thus, (200 * 12) = $ 2400 annually to be subtracted from $ 1430044. Therefore TOTAL EXPECTED COST WILL BE $ 1,427,644. It will increase the time needed to run the clinic efficiently and provide a proper database that will enable Collins to keep track of the clinic’s financial transactions. This translates into an increase into the net-worth of his business. 6) That Collins facilitate the implementation of the DSS payroll software immediately. In addition, for him to up-grade his knowledge of working with the software for effective management, and if need be, to retain his wife in her position due to her experience with managing payroll system which will prove useful. Because she is technically savvy, it eliminates the need to have to incur cost in training a new

Stress management - guided imagery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress management - guided imagery - Assignment Example One very effective way is hardiness. This means becoming stronger both physically and emotionally. Techniques of improving hardiness include doing more physical exercises reducing usage of drugs such as alcohol and nicotine, creating a support system by developing close relations with other people, doing activities that you enjoy among many more. Another effective method is development of a positive attitude towards situation. Healthy eating habits alongside with good nutrition increases not only the physical stamina but also the emotional and perhaps mental stamina (Hoffman et al., 46). Relaxing of both the mind and the body improves even the concentration and can be achieved by gaining enough sleep. Proper time management is another stress management skill that helps one to accomplish things that may otherwise cause stress. Proper cash managent is another strategy that reduces stress for college students. Exploring spirituality is also another common effective way of managing stres s since one finds personal meaning to his life. As a student, I adopted a stress management behavior that has worked out perfectly well. It is a strategy that has an acronym â€Å"HOLDUP†. This stands for Hardiness, Outlook, and Listening to my Body, Decreasing stress as much as I can, unburdening myself and Problem solving. I decided to change my outlook of challenges and took them positively. I developed a sense of humor in my problems and found out that they were not as bad as they seemed. More so, I learnt that making mistakes was inevitable as long as it was accompanied by a lesson in it. There was an added solution to taking responsibility over my own feelings, and this made me control all my stressors. By understanding my outlook, I was able to know my strengths that brought me a lot of confidence and my weaknesses too which were the major channels stress came through. Listening to my body always worked out very well for me. I was

Managment Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managment - Research Proposal Example 15-31, 1974). First, the workers’ physiological and security needs like food and shelter, should stand satisfied by their job. Then their social needs should be satisfied, as well as their self-esteem needs. Only then will they be ready to work towards fulfilling their need to actualize their dreams and ambitions, and strive for work-related advancements. In other words, Maslow presents us with an extremely accurate perspective on motivation and the barriers to its processes. If workers do not receive enough compensation from their job to be able to afford food and shelter, they will find no motivation to perform well at the job and gain advancement (Bateman et al, pp. 515-542, 2008). In other words, if their basic needs are not satisfied, this will act as a barrier from these workers feeling motivated to perform well. While this barrier seems to simplify the nature of human beings greatly, it is a very accurate model of motivation. While human beings are complicated individuals, their basic needs overpower their ability to act the way that is beneficial or desirable. Thus, it should be a priority for the organizational manager, that the workers’ basic needs have been satisfied, so that the manager may then motivate these workers to work harder and perform better. This has a simple implication for the managers also, which is to ensure that the workers are compensated with an adequate wage, before seeking to motivate them (â€Å"Nwlnk†, pp.1 , 2010). This need-based model of motivation has also received considerable support form Herzberg’s ERG (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth) theory and McClelland’s need-based theory. Both of these are derivatives of the need hierarchy, and promote the understanding that unsatisfied basic human needs can be a significant barrier when trying to motivate a worker. The Expectancy Theory about motivation is another very well known model of motivation, which provides us with another barrier, which can stand

Greenhouse Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Effects - Essay Example However, an imbalance leads to varying degrees of abnormality leading to a change in climate. When solar rays hit a dark surface, heat is absorbed while the polar ice caps tend to reflect heat off. Every part of the earth absorbs and reflects heat differently resulting in differential heating and cooling of the earth. Elevated level of any the above mentioned green house gases can disrupt the balance which leads to increased temperature of the earth resulting in ‘Global Warming’ (UCAR, n.d.). What are Green House Gases? Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (MH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), cholofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride (SH6) are collectively called as GHGs because they trap the solar radiation within the earth’s surface (Ramseur et al, 2008) What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Why has Carbon dioxide increased since 1860? The level of carbon dioxide is increasing at an accelerating pace with each passing decade. The safety limit of atmospheric Carbon dioxide is 350 ppm (parts per million). However, since 1988, the level of CO2 has continued to rise. The current level of CO2 in the atmosphere is 396.78 ppm (CO2NOW, 2012). The International Energy Agency (IEA) reveals in its report that CO2 emission from fossil fuels hit 31.6 Gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011, just 1Gt below the threshold limit as predicted by researchers (Woodwell et al 1984). According to the energy Information Administration, there has been an increase of 25% of GHG emission since industrialization. What are some predicted environmental damages if carbon dioxide emissions are not reduced? The predicted environmental damages include rise in sea level. This may further lead to degradation of mangroves leading to environmental damages caused by cyclonic storms. Mangroves act as a barrier to wave off cyclonic effects into mainland. Depletion of the Ozone layer is yet another serious threat. Depleting layer of ozone leads to the penetration of ultr a-violet rays of the sun to reach the earth’s surface causing damage of soil properties, bio-degradation and causing skin cancer. Mitigating the effects of climate change can be accomplished by providing possible incentives and through CSR programs aimed at controlling the carbon footprint. Various Multinationals and powerful business houses are motivated to control this aggravating problem and thus taking steps to mitigate carbon emissions. Technological progress has ensured research in this particular field leading to a better understanding of the current scenario. Various software tools have been developed to mark the carbon footprint so that the carbon emission could be reduced by participatory management system. All these technological progress have been possible because complete data have been formulated into respective models of development (Green House Gas Emissions, 2012; Smith, Schellnhuber, & Qader Mirza, n.d.) In your analysis, how certain do we need to be about f uture predictions before acting on this problem? There is enough discourse on reliability of models related to climate change, since climate is a dynamic system. Climate change models are mathematical codes that are run on powerful computers after a series of observations. The confidence in predicted

Stress management - guided imagery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress management - guided imagery - Assignment Example One very effective way is hardiness. This means becoming stronger both physically and emotionally. Techniques of improving hardiness include doing more physical exercises reducing usage of drugs such as alcohol and nicotine, creating a support system by developing close relations with other people, doing activities that you enjoy among many more. Another effective method is development of a positive attitude towards situation. Healthy eating habits alongside with good nutrition increases not only the physical stamina but also the emotional and perhaps mental stamina (Hoffman et al., 46). Relaxing of both the mind and the body improves even the concentration and can be achieved by gaining enough sleep. Proper time management is another stress management skill that helps one to accomplish things that may otherwise cause stress. Proper cash managent is another strategy that reduces stress for college students. Exploring spirituality is also another common effective way of managing stres s since one finds personal meaning to his life. As a student, I adopted a stress management behavior that has worked out perfectly well. It is a strategy that has an acronym â€Å"HOLDUP†. This stands for Hardiness, Outlook, and Listening to my Body, Decreasing stress as much as I can, unburdening myself and Problem solving. I decided to change my outlook of challenges and took them positively. I developed a sense of humor in my problems and found out that they were not as bad as they seemed. More so, I learnt that making mistakes was inevitable as long as it was accompanied by a lesson in it. There was an added solution to taking responsibility over my own feelings, and this made me control all my stressors. By understanding my outlook, I was able to know my strengths that brought me a lot of confidence and my weaknesses too which were the major channels stress came through. Listening to my body always worked out very well for me. I was

Greenhouse Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse Effects - Essay Example However, an imbalance leads to varying degrees of abnormality leading to a change in climate. When solar rays hit a dark surface, heat is absorbed while the polar ice caps tend to reflect heat off. Every part of the earth absorbs and reflects heat differently resulting in differential heating and cooling of the earth. Elevated level of any the above mentioned green house gases can disrupt the balance which leads to increased temperature of the earth resulting in ‘Global Warming’ (UCAR, n.d.). What are Green House Gases? Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (MH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), cholofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride (SH6) are collectively called as GHGs because they trap the solar radiation within the earth’s surface (Ramseur et al, 2008) What is the present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Why has Carbon dioxide increased since 1860? The level of carbon dioxide is increasing at an accelerating pace with each passing decade. The safety limit of atmospheric Carbon dioxide is 350 ppm (parts per million). However, since 1988, the level of CO2 has continued to rise. The current level of CO2 in the atmosphere is 396.78 ppm (CO2NOW, 2012). The International Energy Agency (IEA) reveals in its report that CO2 emission from fossil fuels hit 31.6 Gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011, just 1Gt below the threshold limit as predicted by researchers (Woodwell et al 1984). According to the energy Information Administration, there has been an increase of 25% of GHG emission since industrialization. What are some predicted environmental damages if carbon dioxide emissions are not reduced? The predicted environmental damages include rise in sea level. This may further lead to degradation of mangroves leading to environmental damages caused by cyclonic storms. Mangroves act as a barrier to wave off cyclonic effects into mainland. Depletion of the Ozone layer is yet another serious threat. Depleting layer of ozone leads to the penetration of ultr a-violet rays of the sun to reach the earth’s surface causing damage of soil properties, bio-degradation and causing skin cancer. Mitigating the effects of climate change can be accomplished by providing possible incentives and through CSR programs aimed at controlling the carbon footprint. Various Multinationals and powerful business houses are motivated to control this aggravating problem and thus taking steps to mitigate carbon emissions. Technological progress has ensured research in this particular field leading to a better understanding of the current scenario. Various software tools have been developed to mark the carbon footprint so that the carbon emission could be reduced by participatory management system. All these technological progress have been possible because complete data have been formulated into respective models of development (Green House Gas Emissions, 2012; Smith, Schellnhuber, & Qader Mirza, n.d.) In your analysis, how certain do we need to be about f uture predictions before acting on this problem? There is enough discourse on reliability of models related to climate change, since climate is a dynamic system. Climate change models are mathematical codes that are run on powerful computers after a series of observations. The confidence in predicted

Report Card Essay Example for Free

Report Card Essay The discovery of the computer was the great function of modernity for different to make work easier, more capable, and more adaptable for the humanity. It has brought a new level of knowledge that became the new standard in the industry. It made the school more efficient for students and provided path to communicate to entire earth. Nowadays, computer base system is commonly used by every company and institution and one of this is computerized report card system. The grade of a student is a scale which determines students who need more improvement and require more assistance which will help teachers in guiding them towards their development. It also shows where students excel most so they can be honed and encouraged to continue their good work, improve more, and aim higher. At the end, it will be the reference for the judgment of whether a student can step up to a higher level of learning or remain to be polished. From these reasons, it is clearly concluded how important it is to make sure that the grades of the students are accurately calculated and safely stored in a well-founded database. It is understood that in the traditional grading system, where only calculators and papers are present, it is very difficult and time-consuming to compute grades. Errors are more likely to occur and papers are not very reliable form of database. It is very stressful to calculate grades and check them repeatedly from one record to another. With the use of the Report Card Inventory System, the teachers will only have to input the raw grades of the students and the system will be the one to do the storing of files. This Report Card Inventory System can provide the good service of accurate and secured compilation of grades to those hard-working teachers.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Causes and Effects

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Causes and Effects Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, also known as PTSD, is one of the most widespread, costly, and least understood of the many anxiety disorders. PTSD is a neurotic condition that is linked to stressors of traumatic events. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is normally a delayed response to the unpleasant effects of extreme events of a catastrophic nature (Rumyantseva Stepanov, 2008). Many people with this disorder experience a strong sensation of fear and may also feel of helpless. These feelings disturb the person’s perception of their own security (Dieperink, 2005). There has been interest for more than a century in the psychological and behavioral effects of trauma. However, the empirical research in this area is only about twenty-years old (Roy-Byrne, 2002). In this paper I will review three empirically supported articles simultaneously in effort to better describe how to diagnose this disease, manage its effects, and treat the patients. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder causes clinically significant severe emotional states in social, professional, or other important aspects of life. The diagnosis of PTSD requires the occurrence of a traumatic incident, so it is reasonable to suggest that the stressor, its duration, and its meaning should have considerable influences on the occurrence and clinical features of the long-term psychopathological response. It is important to establish the ordinary clinical features and differences of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder due to the different stressors. This is vital not only in the theoretical aspects, but also in the practical aspects (Rumyantseva Stepanov, 2008). Dieperink suggests the options to treat patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder could include exposure therapy, group psychotherapy, inpatient therapy, and individual therapy, among other. However, not everyone with PTSD would be a candidate for exposure therapy, although it is often considered an initial treatment for people with PTSD (Dieperink, 2005). According to Roy-Byrne, studies have not looked into the possible medications outside of benzodiazepines neuroleptics. None of the prior studies examined the differences between treatments within large mental health networks (Roy-Byrne, 2002). There have been relatively well researched studies in exposure therapy a number of medications. These studies have been found to be extremely effective in the treatment patients. However, it has been difficult to find a single therapy to be consistently successful for patients with PTSD. Dieperink says that the Food and Drug Administration has only approved two medications for the treatm ent of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Sertraline and Paroxetine. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the first-line medication for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. To Better understand what constitutes effective treatment for patients with PTSD, one must take the first step to determine what is being done in PTSD studies at this time (Dieperink, 2005). The following is a study regarding workers in the Chernobyl disaster that were diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Rumyantseva and Stepanov studied the cases of a group of sixty-six patients regarding their involvement in combat actions and working in the post-Chernobyl atomic energy station clean-up. The test used several diagnostic methods including, structured clinical interviews, clinical PTSD diagnostic scales, and Gorovits scales for the self-evaluation of traumatic events. Thirty of the subjects were involved in combat actions and the other thirty-three were clean-up workers. The mean ages of the patients were 27  ± 2.8 years for the combatants and 43.7  ± 4.5 years for the clean-up workers. Combatant patients had incomplete higher education and corresponding training for military action. Most clean-up workers had higher education, though some had some mid-level specialist education. They were observed for 5 to 6 years and again 15 to 17 years after involvement in the stress situations. After 5–6 years after Chernobyl, the combatants had rare (1–2 times per month) episode s of minimal or moderate, controllable levels of distress in situations that reminded them of the event. Emphasis was placed on the features of the stress situations in both groups. Combatants had directly experienced a fear of being killed or wounded, horror of capture, torture, and humiliation. They were involved in battle and special operations and they had witnessed the deaths of many of their peers. Most combatants spent around six months in military action zones. The result was exceeded the individual’s exceeded their ability to cope. They were confronted with constant vigilance, perceptions of a hostile environment, and the need to make rapid responses to sources of threat. A completely different type of stress occurred in Chernobyl clean-up workers who had to deal with can be considered a prolonged traumatic event. The social-psychological consequences of this disaster were observed for 19 years. The catastrophe was an extraordinary event, the first of its type in hum an experience. As a result, Chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was diagnosed in all the patients studied. When combatants were presented with real threats, flashbacks were seen. These flashbacks were mainly in â€Å"hypngagogic/hypnopompic states† or when they were intoxicated with alcohol. These flashbacks were of moderate intensity. Patients were able to maintain partial control of their actions by sustaining a link with the outside world. In their dreams, combatants saw many people that were unable to protect themselves, being captured, shooting, detonations, and others. They would often state that they were being surrounded and that the enemies were close. In the dreams, they would fire back with their guns but the bullets would come out of the barrel in slow motion. Also, the bullets did not fly or seem to come out of the barrel and fall. The patients considered these dreams as nightmarish. When they woke up, they struggled to get back to sleep. Many of the patients that were seeking medical help preferred to use alcohol to help them sleep. There were signs indicating difficu lties in concentrating or even maintaining minimal levels of attention in several combatants and virtually all clean-up workers. At the psychological level, most members of this group experienced increased symptoms and depression with feelings of fear, guilt, despair, impotence, hopelessness, and grief. The patients lacked trust in the help and treatment proposed for them, including psychotherapeutic treatment. They thought treatment was impossible and their condition was irreversible. Most people ultimately characterized themselves by the passive-aggressive social role of a victim. The main principle at the core of the treatment of patients with PTSD is the ability to recognize the priority of psychotherapy and the use of antidepressants with primarily anxiolytic effects and minimal side effects in small doses. Psychotherapy included a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches. Therapies used included psychological debriefing for individuals, evidence-based psychotherapy; cognitive behavioral therapy as a disclosure treatment and progressive desensitization, which must be done individually for patients of this group. There was a particular curiosity in the use of Coaxil in patients Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is associated with the establishment of its ability to change the neuroendocrine response to stress. It can prevent stress-induced behavioral and cognitive insufficiency in animals and corrects the responses of stress, not only weakening the stress-induced changes in the hypothalamus, but also assisting in the reversal of those changes. Preclinical and preliminary clinical data have shown evidence that Coaxil can be effective in the treatment of the specific and nonspecific symptoms of PTSD (Rumyantseva Stepanov, 2008). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is a very complicated disease. Although scientists have come a long way in diagnosing and treating PTSD, it is clear that much more research may be needed to fully treat these patients. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is extremely widespread and has become very expensive to treat and manage. Ideally, we should be taking steps toward relieving the experience of fear and helpless in those affected with this disorder. It is reasonable to assume that patients with PTSD can be rehabilitated and live normal lives without the stressors associated with this condition. My reaction to writing this paper is a mixed one. I was a bit overwhelmed with the notion of having to read a published article in an area that I am unfamiliar with. However, after spending some time dissecting each one, I have developed and appreciation for the well written ones. These articles are very dense in information for their size and a lot can be learned from reading them. There are others that were a bit difficult to read and left me wanting to know more information than what was given. However, I learned a great deal from this assignment. I have a new appreciation for the complexities of this disorder and I have enjoyed reading the articles. References Rumyantseva, GM Stepanov, AL (2008). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Different Types of Stress (clinical features and treatment). Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, Vol. 38, No. 1. Dieperink, Erbes, Leskela, Kaloupek (2005). Comparison of Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Three Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Military Medicine. Volume 170. Ray-Byrne, MD (2000). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, Management and Treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 4.

Womens Right to Vote :: American America History

Women's Right to Vote After reading Francis Parkman's article, "Women Are Unfit to Vote", I found myself both offended and annoyed. His arguments were not only shaky, but they were also illogical. He states that the family has been the political unit; consequently, the head of the family should be the political representative. He goes on by stating that women have shared imperfectly in the traditions and not in the practice of self-government. Lastly, he suggests women might vote that men should go off and fight in war. Not only are these statements wrong, but they are very much so offensive. Women are humans, too, and they should be treated how a man is treated. We are, after all, of an equal race, so why do we women not get the right to vote? In my opinion,this question cannot be answered logically. Many reasons can contradict Parkman's statements included in his article, and I plan to do so. To start with, Parkman declares that "the family, and not the individual, has been the political unit, and the head of the family... has been the political representative of the rest." He is saying that the men are the head of the family; therefore, they should be the ones that vote. But what if the head of the family is a woman? Let's say, for example, the husband dies unexpectedly, leaving the woman behind to raise the children and take the position as head of the family. Does she then get the right to vote? Or do we simply deny her that right because she is a woman? According to Francis Parkman, the head of the family is the political representative, and no where in that statement did he once specify the head of the family could not be a woman. Therefore, as long as the woman is the head of the family, they should be granted the right to vote. Many circumstances in one's life may cause them to become, without notice, the head of their family. As quick as they become the new head, they should then be allowed to vote just as quickly. If they are denied that right, then Parkman's statement is false. The head of the family should not be limited to just being a man, and neither should the right to vote. Parkman follows by commenting that "they [women] have shared very imperfectly in the traditions, and not at all in the practice of self-government.

Public Outcry and Acceptance to Darwins theory of Evolution Essay

On Thursday 24 November 1859, Charles Darwin published and made available to the western world his magnum opus, On the Origin of Species, a compilation of some twenty plus years of research regarding the human biology and its advancement. Darwin proposed in Origins that all life slowly evolved, biologically mutated over a period of time, to its present day form. Expanding on prior research in the field of genetics, Darwin theorized a "survival of the fittest" complex which forced basic animals to evolve new advanced traits to survive in their respective environments, in the process theorizing that humans also evolved from lesser creatures. Darwin's theory of evolution was meet with critical response, mainly negative, at the time of its inception, but slowly gained support in the years following. In particular at the time of Origins publishing, the western world was undergoing a religious revival of sorts thanks to the rise of Evangelicalism. Due to conflicts of interest between Darw in's proposed theory of evolution directly contradicting the biblical theory of creationism, much controversy was generated by the publication of Origins. Creationism which stressed the belief of one omnipotent God creating the world and all its inhabitants was the most widely spread belief during this time period. Across the western world different assortments of clergymen attacked, or surprisingly stood in solidarity with the theory of evolution. This brings into question, why were the responses to evolution so disparaging? This can be explained that due to prior established beliefs and knowledge of respective individuals, the reaction to the theory of evolution was at first quite negative, but overtime became more and more accepting as people grew t... ...tarted rationalizing their emotions, the clarity of evolution dawned upon their eyes, and of acceptance of new foreign ideas. Here was a thing that not only could explain the mysteries of life, but also serve as testimonial to the foolishness of pride. Evolution was a hallmark in the relations between science and religion, as the two sides realized neither was trying to undermine the other, and even in some cases joined in union to promote humanities advancement. The story of evolution is significant to history not only because of its scientific achievements, but also the gap it bridged between the scientific and religious community, and the lesson it taught that acceptance of new ideas does not have to mean the end of prior beliefs altogether. No other scientific revolution has generated as much human controversy and unity as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Inequalities In Healthcare Older Person Health And Social Care Essay

The UK has a quickly ageing population with increased health care demands. Yet societal isolation and exclusion ensuing from stigma and age favoritism means that many older people are confronted with inequalities in entree to and quality of wellness attention. These inequalities are peculiarly prevailing among older people with mental wellness issues and older people from black and cultural minority groups. There are a figure of stairss nurses can take to increase the inclusion of older people in wellness publicity and community-based health care services. Nurses are examples for public wellness service bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. The UK comprises an ageing population. Over the last 25-years the per centum of the population aged 65-years and over increased from 15 % in 1984 to 16 % in 2009, an addition of 1.7 million people ( ONS, 2010 ) . Over the same period, the per centum of the population aged under 16-years decreased from 21 % to 19 % . This tendency is anticipated to go on and it is projected that by 2034, 23 % of the population will be aged 65-years and over. The fastest population addition has been in the figure of people aged 85-years and over ; by 2034 the figure of people in this class is expected to be 5 % of the entire population. The addition in measure of life is frequently non accompanied by additions in health-related quality of life ( QoL ) ( ONS, 2010 ) . The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( ELSA ) found that for both work forces and adult females, overall QoL lessenings from province pension age onwards, with the fastest diminution happening after 70-years of age ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . In both work forces and adult females aged 65-84-years, circulatory diseases were the taking cause of decease. Ratess of respiratory and infective diseases, malignant neoplastic diseases, hurt, and poisoning were besides higher in this age group compared to younger groups. The highest mortality rates were in people aged 85-years and over, with circulatory diseases holding the highest rates, followed by respiratory diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases ( ONS, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite persons aged 65-years and over accounting for merely 16 % of the population, they represent 40 % of all those who are non in good wellness and are likely to hold specific health care demands ( ONS, 2001 ) . Indeed, it has been reported that the figure of old ages of life spent in hapless general wellness between 1981 and 2006 rose from 6.4-8.7 old ages for males and from 10.1-11.0 old ages for females ( ONS, 2010 ) . This is, in portion, due to an addition in unhealthy lifestyle patterns. For illustration, in England, the per centum of people aged 45-64 and 65-74 who were corpulent increased by 10 % to approximately 30 % between 1995 and 2007 ( ONS, 2009 ) . This is mostly due to progressively unhealthy diets accompanied by decreased physical activity. It is therefore non surprising that, in 2007, about two-thirds of both work forces and adult females aged 75-years and over in Great Britain reported holding a long-run chronic unwellness or disablement. Despite a greater demand for interaction with health care services, older people can go socially degage and unable to entree support from health care professionals. This is non ever the consequence of restricted mobility or single pick, but societal exclusion is strongly associated with increasing age. Regardless of the ground for societal isolation, it finally leads to immense inequalities in the proviso of wellness services across age groups. Indeed, extra findings from the ELSA survey show that in 2006 about one in 10 people aged 50-years and over in England did non hold anyone strongly back uping them when in demand ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . This includes friends and household, every bit good as health care professionals. Many older people are widowed and therefore besides lose out on the extra wellness benefits of societal support. Furthermore, since older people ‘s traveling forms are frequently dependent on their wellness, without entree to transport for GP, infirmary, an d other health care assignments, particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are paramount. Excluded older people can be found across all geographical parts of England. However, there are some countries which are found to hold a higher extent of exclusion amongst their older population than other countries. Older people populating in London have been found to be more multiply excluded compared with older people populating in other parts in England. The south E and E of England are found to hold the least hazard of exclusion amongst older people. The north E and West, Yorkshire/Humber, E and west Midlands and south west all have higher rates of exclusion for older people. Social isolation through exclusion is a peculiar hazard factor for older people from minority cultural groups, those in rural countries, and for people older than 75-years who are widowed or populating entirely ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006 ) . It is a common hazard factor for a scope of wellness jobs and therefore prioritizing bar of wellness jobs by undertaking societal isolation is being encouraged ( DH, 2010 ) . Concentrating on bar requires taking action to: 1 ) hold or change by reversal older people ‘s impairment ( i.e. advance their independency and wellbeing ) ; 2 ) cut down the hazard of crises and the injury arising from them ; 3 ) maximise people ‘s operation ( i.e. re-enablement ) ; and, 4 ) provide attention closer to place ( i.e. arrange for he least institutional or intensive intercession that is able to suitably run into people ‘s demands ) . It has been stated that commissioning should turn to all four facets of bar in order to to the full optimize the local system. Particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are overriding if the dogma of the NHS, that everyone has a right to wellness attention on the footing of demand and clinical ability, is to be maintained.Age DiscriminationAge favoritism, one of the Standards outlined in the NSFOP, is a signifier of bias that exacerbates the job of societal exclusion. It can be defined as handling person below the belt because of their age, for illustration, by supplying them with a lower quality of attention. This is surprisingly prevailing within the NHS. In a study of 200 physicians, conducted by the British Geriatric Society ( BGS ) , over half expressed that they would be worried about how the NHS would handle them in old age ( Clark, 2009 ) . Age favoritism can hold dramatic and damaging effects on older people and the attention they receive. For illustration, in the study conducted by the BGS, 72 % of the physicians said that older people were less likely to be considered for and referred on for indispensable interventions or specializer attention. The debut of the Equality Act 2010, which replaces the bing responsibilities on the populace sector to advance race, disablement and gender equality, now comprises a individual responsibility to advance equality across eight ‘protected ‘ features ( Box 2 ) . The Act besides includes commissariats leting the authorities to do age favoritism in service planning and bringing improper. This is likely to be implemented in 2012 and therefore it is important that nurses make themselves cognizant of what age favoritism is, the different types of age favoritism, and how it can be prevented ( Box 3 ) . Age favoritism is non needfully a witting act and therefore health care professionals are likely to be questioned on actions and clinical picks that would antecedently hold been acceptable. Examples of age favoritism are presented in Box 4. It is anticipated that the Equality Act 2010 will extinguish the stereotypes implicit in age favoritism, such as that older people will be confronted with worsening wellness and should therefore accommodate to symptoms. In world, the bulk of older people describe themselves as being in good wellness and less than 1 % of the older population is in infirmary at any one clip ( Roberts, 2009 ) . There needs to be a move off from sing older people as an homogeneous group characterised by passiveness, neglecting wellness, and dependence. It is of import to observe that favoritism is non ever negative. Indeed, positive favoritism is frequently used for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people who are over 60-years of age are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials, and all registered patients over 75-years of age are offered an one-year primary attention wellness cheque. There are besides cases where favoritism through the rationing of services is viewed as justified. For illustration, it has been argued that the scene of expressed age bounds for everyday showing for certain diseases, such as where there is no grounds for an overall benefit in the older population, is justified. Nevertheless, age favoritism can come from the unintended effects on attitude towards hazard of disease where age bounds have been set. Age limits for everyday chest showing might be justifiable, but deficiency of consciousness of the handiness of testing on petition every bit good as deficiency of information on single hazard and self-care is non. A broad scope of mental wellness jobs can be experienced in ulterior life, including depression, anxiousness, craze, dementedness, schizophrenic disorder, and intoxicant and drug abuse. Undiagnosed depression is a peculiar job, with a one-fourth of people aged 65-years and over life in the community holding symptoms of depression, merely half of whom are diagnosed. Another survey estimates that depression affects 40 % of older people in attention places. Furthermore, there were 790 self-destructions amongst people aged 65-years and above in the UK in 2006. Up to 60 % of older people in infirmary have mental wellness jobs or develop them during their stay. Despite these overpowering statistics, the Royal College of Psychiatrists estimations that 85 % of older people with depression receive no aid at all from the NHS. Mental wellness services for older people are ill developed in many countries of the state and staff in mainstream services can miss the necessary cognition and preparation to cover with people with mental wellness jobs. Community nurses can play a major function in sensing and bar of mental wellness issues among the older population. It is important that nurses are trained in how to separate age-related cognitive and mental diminution from symptoms of depression and other mental wellness upsets. It is no longer acceptable to see worsening mental wellness as an inevitable portion of ripening, and fortuitously, greater attempts are afoot in footings of bettering the mental wellness of older people ( NICE, 2008 ) . For illustration, since regular exercising has good effects on general wellness, mobility and independency, every bit good as reduced hazard of depression and improved mental wellbeing and self-pride, recommendations have been made to advance physical activity in older people via trim exercising programmes in the community ( DH, 2005 ) . Traditionally, older people with mental unwellness have been excluded from intermediate attention, which was introduced in 2000 via the National Beds Enquiry in an effort to run into the demands for acute patient attention ensuing from an ageing population. The NSFOP ( 2001 ) defined the aims for intermediate attention services as being to advance independency by supplying enhanced services from the NHS and councils to forestall unneeded infirmary admittances and develop effectual rehabilitation services to enable early discharge from infirmary, every bit good as to forestall premature or unneeded admittance to long-run residential attention. As a consequence of exclusion from such services, in 2005 the Care Services Improvement Partnership ( 2005 ) emphasised that mental unwellness should be an built-in portion of service proviso. Therefore, nurses can play an of import function in signposting older patients with mental wellness issues to intercede or rehabilitative services. Box 6 high spots the five chief countries of action identified within the UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life. After reading about these five countries, complete Time out 4.Box 6: The UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life – five countries for actionEnding favoritism: favoritism includes direct age favoritism, ageist attitudes and stigma. Cardinal actions outlined include taking age barriers to services, undertaking stigma associated with mental wellness jobs and paying more attending to ‘invisible ‘ groups such as older people with intoxicant and drug abuse jobs. Prioritizing bar: societal isolation is a common hazard factor for a scope of jobs. This indicates that nurses have a cardinal function in wellness publicity among older people. The study recommends disputing the ‘widespread defeatism ‘ that leads to the premise that mental wellness jobs are an inevitable portion of turning older. Reducing isolation, bettering societal support, and concentrating on forestalling depression and craze are outlined as cardinal actions. Enabling older people: merely a little per centum of older people with mental wellness jobs receive aid through formal services, so support for self-help and peer support is necessary. Cardinal actions focus on community development enterprises, advancing equal support and support for unpaid carers of older people. When sing inequalities in health care experienced by older people, it is of import to retrieve that older people are non a homogenous group. The proportion of older people from black and minority cultural communities is little but turning. One survey analyzing the hereafter ripening of the cultural minority population in England and Wales, reported a projection of 2.4 million black and cultural minority people aged 50-years and over in 2016, lifting to 3.8 million by 2026 and 7.4 million by 2051 ( Lievesley, 2010 ) . Over the same clip spans, there will be merely over half a million black and minority cultural people aged 70-years and over by 2016, more than 800,000 by 2026 and every bit many as 2.8 million by 2051. In the chief, older people from black and minority cultural groups tend to describe poorer wellness than their white opposite numbers ( Bajekal et al. , 2004 ) . Some besides report that they experience age-related alterations at an earlier age ( Ebrahim et al. , 1991 ) . Indeed, it has been suggested that wellness differences by ethnicity are really greatest among older people ( POST, 2007 ) . Key messages within the Better Health Briefing conducted by the Race Equality Foundation ( Moriarty, 2008 ) were that older people from black and minority cultural groups continue to have poorer intervention from wellness and societal attention services ; they are besides frequently under-represented among those utilizing services. Barriers to accessing services include deficiency of information, linguistic communication troubles, and differing outlooks about how services can assist. Stereotyped premises on the portion of professionals may besides move as a barrier to service usage. Older people from minority cultural groups portion positions similar to their white opposite numbers in footings of their thoughts about what constitutes a good quality service ( e.g. dependability and handling people as persons ) , but they may hold extra concerns, such as being able to portion the same linguistic communication. They besides place peculiar importance on associating the quality of wellness and societal attention services with other factors impacting on wellness, such as poorness, lodging, offense and racism ( Butt and O'Neil, 2004 ; Chahal and Temple, 2005 ; Manthorpe et al. , in imperativeness ) . All services should reflect the diverseness of this turning population. This is, nevertheless, seldom the instance. For illustration, in a study commissioned by Better Government for Older Peoples ( 2003 ) , it was identified that a 3rd of local governments who responded had attacks underway, another 3rd were sing or originating responses, but about one tierce of local governments had no programs to bring forth a strategic papers for run intoing the demands of their black and minority cultural older communities. Some wellness service suppliers continue to see older people in a stereotypic manner, where cognitive diminution, diminishing mental wellbeing, and deteriorating physical wellness are characterised as being portion of the ageing procedure. There is a clear demand for a greater consciousness of the function of wellness and wellbeing in the ripening procedure, via professional instruction, national policy directives, and modeling of best pattern. Nurses are at the head of public wellness bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. There is a clear demand for a more conjunct policy focal point on physical and mental wellness in ulterior life, including the care and publicity of wellbeing every bit good as support for people with important mental unwellness or cognitive damage. There besides needs to be more attending to the altering long-run support demands of older people and those with complex or comorbid conditions, every bit good as more accent on incorporate support for people towards the terminal of life. Social exclusion thrusts inequalities in health care and older people, particularly those of cultural minority, are more vulnerable to this. Therefore, there needs to be more work on the bar of societal exclusion within the community and within the health care scene.